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คำศัพท์ระดับ C1
คำศัพท์ที่เลือกตามระดับภาษาและความหมายแฝง ผู้เรียนระดับ C1 ใช้ภาษาอังกฤษได้อย่างยืดหยุ่นทั้งในเชิงวิชาการและเชิงวิชาชีพ และการเลือกใช้คำย่อมบ่งบอกระดับความเป็นทางการ
ขอบเขตของรายการคำศัพท์นี้
คำศัพท์ระดับ C1 มิใช่การเรียกชื่อสิ่งใหม่ คำเกือบทั้งหมดในหน้านี้มีคำสามัญที่มีความหมายใกล้เคียงกันซึ่งผู้เรียนรู้จักอยู่แล้ว ผู้เขียนระดับ C1 เลือกใช้ substantial แทน big เลือกใช้ persistent แทน always happening และเลือกใช้ alleviate แทน make less bad การเลือกเช่นนี้บ่งบอกถึงระดับภาษา มิใช่เพียงความหมาย
คำศัพท์ 426 คำนี้คือคำศัพท์ระดับ C1 ในชุดคำศัพท์สำหรับผู้เรียนของเว็บไซต์นี้ นับเป็นรายการที่มีจำนวนน้อยที่สุดในบรรดารายการที่เผยแพร่แล้ว ทั้งนี้เป็นการนำเสนอตามความเป็นจริง เนื่องจากชุดคำศัพท์จัดทำขึ้นจากระดับต้นไปสู่ระดับสูง ระดับที่สูงกว่าจึงมีจำนวนน้อยกว่า คำศัพท์ทุกคำในหน้านี้มีข้อมูลชุดเดียวกันกับระดับอื่น ได้แก่ ความหมาย ชนิดของคำ การแบ่งพยางค์ การออกเสียง ตัวอย่างการใช้งาน และตระกูลคำ พร้อมทั้งเครื่องหมายแสดงระดับความน่าเชื่อถือของการกำหนดระดับ
หลักฐานในหน้านี้ (ตรวจสอบเมื่อ 24 สิงหาคม 2569): ✓✓ 80 คำ มีหลักฐานหนักแน่น — รายการคำศัพท์อ้างอิงตั้งแต่สองรายการขึ้นไประบุระดับตรงกัน · ✓ 267 คำ ตรงกับรายการคำศัพท์อ้างอิงเพียงรายการเดียวที่ครอบคลุมคำศัพท์นั้น · ≠ 20 คำ รายการคำศัพท์อ้างอิงต่างรายการจัดไว้คนละระดับ — โดยมากเป็นระดับที่อยู่ติดกัน จึงควรถือว่าเป็นค่าโดยประมาณ · ✓* 0 คำ ผู้จัดทำวินิจฉัยแล้ว · ⚠ 59 คำ ฉบับร่าง ยังไม่มีรายการคำศัพท์อ้างอิงใดครอบคลุม ควรตรวจสอบคำศัพท์ที่มีเครื่องหมาย ≠ หรือ ⚠ กับรายการคำศัพท์อ้างอิงที่ตีพิมพ์แล้ว ก่อนนำไปใช้ในเอกสารทางการหรือข้อสอบ วิธีตรวจสอบระดับ (ภาษาอังกฤษ) →
รายการคำศัพท์
จัดกลุ่มตามหัวข้อ แล้วเรียงตามลำดับตัวอักษรภายในแต่ละหัวข้อ ทุกรายการมีข้อมูลชุดเดียวกัน ได้แก่ ตัวคำศัพท์ การแบ่งพยางค์ การออกเสียง ชนิดของคำ ความหมายที่เข้าใจง่าย ตัวอย่างการใช้งาน และตระกูลคำของคำศัพท์นั้น ใช้ตัวกรองเพื่อจำกัดรายการให้แคบลง กลุ่มหัวข้อจะหายไปและปรากฏขึ้นอีกครั้งตามข้อความที่พิมพ์
สังคม66 คำ
| คำศัพท์ | ชนิดของคำ | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่างการใช้งาน |
|---|---|---|---|
| accused ✓ac·cused/əˈkjuzd/ | n. | the person who is on trial for a crime in a courtตระกูลคำ: accuse, accusation | The accused stood quietly while the judge read the decision. |
| activist ✓ac·tiv·ist/ˈæktəvəst/ | n. | a person who works hard to bring about social changeตระกูลคำ: act, action, active, activism, activists | The activist gave a talk about protecting the river from pollution. |
| allege ✓✓al·lege/əˈlɛdʒ/ | v. | to say that someone did something wrong without giving proofตระกูลคำ: allegation, alleged, allegedly, alleges, alleging | The report alleges that the company copied its rival's design. |
| allegedly ✓al·leg·ed·ly/əˈlɛdʒədli/ | adv. | said to be true, although it has not been provedตระกูลคำ: allege, alleged, allegation | The company allegedly copied designs from a smaller rival. |
| amend ✓a·mend/əˈmɛnd/ | v. | to make small changes to a law or document to improve itตระกูลคำ: amendment, amendments, amended, amending, amends | The committee amended the rules to allow online meetings. |
| amendment ✓a·mend·ment/əˈmɛndmənt/ | n. | a small change made to a law or an official documentตระกูลคำ: amend, amended, amending, amendments | The committee made an amendment to the club rules last week. |
| breach ✓/bɹitʃ/ | n. | an act of breaking a rule, law or agreementตระกูลคำ: breaches, breached, breaching | Sharing the exam questions was a serious breach of the rules. |
| capitalism ✓cap·i·tal·ism/ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm/ | n. | an economic system in which businesses are owned by private people, not the stateตระกูลคำ: capital, capitalist, capitalists, capitalistic | The course compares capitalism with other ways of organising an economy. |
| capitalist ✓cap·i·tal·ist/ˈkæpətəlɪst/ | adj. | relating to an economic system in which businesses are owned by private peopleตระกูลคำ: capital, capitalism, capitalists, capitalistic | Most capitalist countries allow companies to set their own prices. |
| casualty ✓ca·su·al·ty/ˈkæʒəwəlti/ | n. | a person who is hurt or killed in an accidentตระกูลคำ: casualties | Rescue teams took the casualties to the nearest hospital. |
| chamber ✓cham·ber/ˈtʃeɪmbɚ/ | n. | a large room used for a special purpose, such as making lawsตระกูลคำ: chambers | The council meets in a wood-panelled chamber in the old town hall. |
| civic ✓civ·ic/ˈsɪvɪk/ | adj. | relating to a town or city and the people who live thereตระกูลคำ: civics | The new civic centre offers free classes for local residents. |
| civilian ✓ci·vil·ian/səˈvɪljən/ | n. | a person who is not a member of the army or policeตระกูลคำ: civil, civilians | After ten years as a soldier, he returned to life as a civilian. |
| collective ✓col·lec·tive/kəˈlɛktɪv/ | adj. | shared or done together by all the members of a groupตระกูลคำ: collect, collection, collector, collectively | Winning the prize was a collective effort by the whole team. |
| combat ✓com·bat/ˈkɑmbæt/ | n. | fighting, especially between soldiers during a warตระกูลคำ: combats, combatant, combative | Modern pilots train for months before their first combat mission. |
| commentary ✓com·men·tar·y/ˈkɑmənˌtɛɹi/ | n. | a spoken description of an event as it happens, especially on televisionตระกูลคำ: comment, commentaries, commentator | We listened to the radio commentary during the football match. |
| commissioner ✓com·mis·sion·er/kəˈmɪʃənɚ/ | n. | an official who is in charge of a government department or public serviceตระกูลคำ: commission, commissioned, commissions, commissioners | The police commissioner spoke to reporters about road safety. |
| communist ✓com·mu·nist/ˈkɑmjənəst/ | adj. | relating to a political system in which the state owns all propertyตระกูลคำ: communism, communists | The museum shows daily life during the communist period of that country. |
| compliance ✓✓com·pli·ance/kəmˈplaɪəns/ | n. | the practice of obeying rules, laws or requestsตระกูลคำ: comply, compliant, complied, complies, complying | The factory was checked for compliance with the new safety rules. |
| compliant ✓com·pli·ant/kəmˈplaɪənt/ | adj. | following the rules or requirementsตระกูลคำ: comply, compliance, complied, complies, complying | All new buildings must be compliant with the fire safety code. |
| comply ✓✓com·ply/kəmˈplaɪ/ | v. | to do what a rule, law or request saysตระกูลคำ: compliance, compliant, complied, complies, complying | All visitors must comply with the laboratory safety rules. |
| conform ✓con·form/kənˈfɔɹm/ | v. | to behave in the way that rules or most people expectตระกูลคำ: conformity, conformed, conforming, conforms, conformist | Students who refuse to conform to the dress code are sent home. |
| constituency ✓con·stit·u·en·cy/kənˈstɪtʃuənsi/ | n. | an area whose voters choose one member of parliamentตระกูลคำ: constituent, constituents, constituencies | The candidate visited every town in her constituency before the election. |
| coup ✓/ku/ | n. | a sudden illegal taking of power from a government, often by the armyตระกูลคำ: coups | The history lecture explained how the coup changed the country's government. |
| cult ✓/kʌlt/ | n. | a small religious group whose beliefs and leader are seen as extremeตระกูลคำ: cults, cultish, cultist, cultists | The documentary explained how young people were persuaded to join the cult. |
| custody ✓cus·to·dy/ˈkʌstədi/ | n. | the legal right and duty to care for a childตระกูลคำ: custodial, custodian | The court decided which parent would have custody of the children. |
| customary ✓cus·tom·ar·y/ˈkʌstəˌmɛɹi/ | adj. | usual, and done the same way by most peopleตระกูลคำ: custom, customs, customarily | It is customary to remove your shoes before entering a Thai home. |
| debut ✓✓de·but/deɪˈbju/ | n. | the first public appearance of a performer, player or productตระกูลคำ: debuts, debuted, debuting | The young singer made her debut at a small concert in Chiang Mai. |
| delegation ✓del·e·ga·tion/ˌdɛləˈɡeɪʃən/ | n. | a group of people chosen to represent others at an official eventตระกูลคำ: delegate, delegates, delegations | A delegation from the ministry visited our campus to discuss the new programme. |
| detention ✓de·ten·tion/dɪˈtɛnʃən/ | n. | the act of keeping someone in a place and not letting them leaveตระกูลคำ: detain, detained, detaining, detentions | The student had to stay for detention after school for missing homework. |
| disclosure ✓dis·clo·sure/dɪsˈkloʊʒɚ/ | n. | the act of telling people facts that were secretตระกูลคำ: disclose, disclosed, disclosures | The company delayed the disclosure of its financial problems for months. |
| electoral ✓e·lec·tor·al/ɪˈlɛktɚəl/ | adj. | connected with choosing leaders by votingตระกูลคำ: elect, election, elector, electorate, elected, electorally | The student council follows a simple electoral process each year. |
| empower ✓em·pow·er/ɪmˈpaʊɚ/ | v. | to give someone the ability or confidence to make their own decisionsตระกูลคำ: empowered, empowering, empowerment, empowers | Good training empowers new staff to solve problems by themselves. |
| endorsement ✓✓en·dorse·ment/ɛnˈdɔɹsmənt/ | n. | public support for a person, product or ideaตระกูลคำ: endorse, endorsed, endorsements | The product gained sales after an endorsement from a famous athlete. |
| enforcement ✓en·force·ment/ɛnˈfɔɹsmənt/ | n. | the action of making people obey a law or ruleตระกูลคำ: enforce, enforced, enforces, enforcing, enforceable, enforcer | Strict enforcement of the speed limit has made the road safer. |
| exploitation ✓✓ex·ploi·ta·tion/ˌɛksplɔɪˈteɪʃən/ | n. | the unfair use of people or things for your own benefitตระกูลคำ: exploit, exploited, exploiting, exploitative, exploits | The report describes the exploitation of workers in some factories. |
| faction ✓✓fac·tion/ˈfækʃən/ | n. | a small group inside a larger one that has different ideasตระกูลคำ: factions, factional | A faction within the committee wanted to delay the vote. |
| feminist ✓fem·i·nist/ˈfɛmənɪst/ | adj. | supporting equal rights and chances for womenตระกูลคำ: feminism, feminists | Her essay takes a feminist view of women's roles in modern workplaces. |
| footage ✓foot·age/ˈfʊtɪdʒ/ | n. | film or video of a particular event or placeตระกูลคำ: foot | The news showed footage of the flooded streets after the storm. |
| forensic ✓fo·ren·sic/fəˈɹɛnsɪk/ | adj. | using science to find facts about a crimeตระกูลคำ: forensics, forensically | A forensic team examined the broken window for fingerprints. |
| forge ✓/fɔɹdʒ/ | v. | to make an illegal copy of something to trick peopleตระกูลคำ: forgery, forger, forged, forging, forges | Someone forged the manager's signature on the payment form. |
| governance ✓gov·er·nance/ˈɡʌvɚnəns/ | n. | the way an organisation or country is controlled and managedตระกูลคำ: govern, governed, governing, government, governor, governmental | The university improved its governance by publishing all board decisions. |
| harassment ✓✓ha·rass·ment/həˈɹæsmənt/ | n. | behaviour that annoys, threatens or upsets someone again and againตระกูลคำ: harass, harassed, harassing | The company has a clear policy against harassment at work. |
| homeland ✓home·land/ˈhoʊmˌlænd/ | n. | the country where a person was born or belongsตระกูลคำ: home, land, homelands | After ten years abroad, she returned to her homeland to teach. |
| hostage ✓hos·tage/ˈhɑstɪdʒ/ | n. | a person held by force until others do what is demandedตระกูลคำ: hostages | The police talked for hours until every hostage was released. |
| humanitarian ✓hu·man·i·tar·i·an/hjuˌmænəˈtɛɹiən/ | adj. | concerned with helping people who are sufferingตระกูลคำ: humanity, humane, humanitarianism | Volunteers delivered humanitarian aid to families after the floods. |
| inclusion ✓✓in·clu·sion/ɪnˈkluʒən/ | n. | the act of making someone or something part of a group or activityตระกูลคำ: include, included, includes, including, inclusive, inclusions | The school promotes the inclusion of students with disabilities in every class. |
| inclusive ✓in·clu·sive/ɪnˈklusɪv/ | adj. | welcoming and open to people of every kindตระกูลคำ: include, included, including, inclusion, inclusively, inclusivity | The university wants its clubs to be inclusive of all students. |
| indictment ✓in·dict·ment/ɪnˈdaɪtmənt/ | n. | an official statement saying that someone is accused of a serious crimeตระกูลคำ: indict, indicted, indictments | The court issued an indictment against the company's former director. |
| indigenous ✓in·dig·e·nous/ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs/ | adj. | living or growing naturally in a place, not brought from outside | Several indigenous languages are still spoken in the mountain villages. |
| injustice ✓✓in·jus·tice/ɪnˈdʒʌstɪs/ | n. | a situation that is unfair and wrongตระกูลคำ: injustices, justice, unjust | The students wrote a letter about the injustice of the new rule. |
| intervention ✓in·ter·ven·tion/ˌɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/ | n. | action taken to stop or change a problem or situationตระกูลคำ: intervene, intervened, intervenes, intervening, interventions | Early intervention helped the struggling student catch up with the class. |
| judicial ✓ju·di·cial/dʒuˈdɪʃəl/ | adj. | connected with courts of law and judgesตระกูลคำ: judge, judiciary, judicially | The judicial system takes months to decide some cases. |
| jurisdiction ✓✓ju·ris·dic·tion/ˌdʒʊɹəsˈdɪkʃən/ | n. | the legal power of a court or official to make decisionsตระกูลคำ: jurisdictions, jurisdictional | The local court has no jurisdiction over cases from other provinces. |
| liable ✓li·a·ble/ˈlaɪəbəl/ | adj. | legally responsible for something, especially for payingตระกูลคำ: liability, liabilities | Tenants are liable for any damage to the flat. |
| magistrate ✓mag·is·trate/ˈmædʒəˌstɹeɪt/ | n. | a judge in a local court who deals with less serious casesตระกูลคำ: magistrates | The magistrate ordered the driver to pay a small fine. |
| mainstream ✓main·stream/ˈmeɪnˌstɹim/ | n. | the ideas and ways of living that most people accept as normalตระกูลคำ: mainstreamed, mainstreaming | Electric cars have moved from a rare idea into the mainstream. |
| mandatory ✓man·da·to·ry/ˈmændəˌtɔɹi/ | adj. | required by a rule or law, not optionalตระกูลคำ: mandate | Attendance at the safety briefing is mandatory for all new staff. |
| ministry ✓min·is·try/ˈmɪnəstɹi/ | n. | a government department led by a senior politicianตระกูลคำ: minister, ministers, ministerial, ministries | The Ministry of Education announced new rules for schools. |
| nominate ✓nom·i·nate/ˈnɑməˌneɪt/ | v. | to formally suggest someone for a job, prize or positionตระกูลคำ: nomination, nominee, nominated, nominating, nominator | Each class may nominate one student for the award. |
| oblige ✓✓o·blige/əˈblaɪdʒ/ | v. | to make someone do something because it is a rule or dutyตระกูลคำ: obligation, obligatory, obliged, obliges, obliging | The new law obliges shops to recycle their plastic bags. |
| privileged ✓priv·i·leged/ˈpɹɪvlədʒd/ | adj. | having special advantages that most people do not haveตระกูลคำ: privilege, privileges | Only a privileged few could afford university a century ago. |
| provincial ≠pro·vin·cial/pɹəˈvɪnʃəl/ | adj. | relating to the parts of a country outside the capital cityตระกูลคำ: province, provinces, provincially | Many provincial schools now offer online lessons with city teachers. |
| restoration ✓✓res·to·ra·tion/ˌɹɛstəˈɹeɪʃən/ | n. | the work of returning an old building or object to good conditionตระกูลคำ: restore, restored, restorations | The restoration of the temple took three years to complete. |
| socialist ✓so·cial·ist/ˈsoʊʃələst/ | adj. | supporting the idea that the state should own and share wealthตระกูลคำ: socialism, social, socialists, socialistic | The lecture compared socialist and market economies in the twentieth century. |
| tribal ✓trib·al/ˈtɹaɪbəl/ | adj. | connected with a group of people who share the same customs and languageตระกูลคำ: tribe, tribes, tribalism, tribally | The museum displays tribal masks from several regions. |
การบรรยายลักษณะ63 คำ
| คำศัพท์ | ชนิดของคำ | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่างการใช้งาน |
|---|---|---|---|
| accustomed ✓ac·cus·tomed/əˈkʌstəmd/ | adj. | familiar with something because you have done it oftenตระกูลคำ: accustom | She soon became accustomed to waking up at five. |
| adjacent ✓ad·ja·cent/əˈdʒeɪsənt/ | adj. | next to or very close to something elseตระกูลคำ: adjacently | The library is adjacent to the main lecture hall. |
| aesthetic ✓✓aes·thet·ic/ɛsˈθɛtɪk/ | adj. | connected with beauty and the way things lookตระกูลคำ: aesthetics, aesthetically | The new library was designed for aesthetic reasons as well as practical ones. |
| akin ⚠a·kin/əˈkɪn/ | adj. | similar to; a formal word used with to | Chanting is akin to slow singing. |
| appealing ✓ap·peal·ing/əˈpilɪŋ/ | adj. | attractive and interesting, so that you like or want itตระกูลคำ: appeal, appealingly, unappealing | The idea of a week by the sea sounded very appealing. |
| arbitrary ✓ar·bi·trar·y/ˈɑɹbəˌtɹɛɹi/ | adj. | decided by chance or personal choice, not by any reason or ruleตระกูลคำ: arbitrarily, arbitrariness | The order of the names on the list is completely arbitrary. |
| authentic ✓au·then·tic/əˈθɛntɪk/ | adj. | real and true, not a copyตระกูลคำ: authenticity, authentically, authenticate | This restaurant serves authentic Thai food cooked by a local chef. |
| brutal ✓bru·tal/ˈbɹutəl/ | adj. | extremely cruel or harshตระกูลคำ: brute, brutality, brutally, brutalise, brutalism | The critics gave the new film a brutal review. |
| candid ✓can·did/ˈkændəd/ | adj. | honest and direct, even when the truth is uncomfortableตระกูลคำ: candidly, candidness, candour | Her candid feedback helped me improve the essay. |
| clad ⚠/klæd/ | adj. | covered or dressed, a literary word | The hills stood clad in mist. |
| classy ✓class·y/ˈklæsi/ | adj. | stylish and of high qualityตระกูลคำ: class, classier, classiness | They chose a classy restaurant for the farewell dinner. |
| comparable ✓com·pa·ra·ble/ˈkɑmpɚəbəl/ | adj. | similar in size, amount or quality to something elseตระกูลคำ: compare, comparison, comparably, comparative, compared | The two universities offer comparable courses, but the fees are very different. |
| compelling ✓com·pel·ling/kəmˈpɛlɪŋ/ | adj. | so interesting or persuasive that you cannot ignore itตระกูลคำ: compel, compelled, compellingly | She gave a compelling reason for changing the exam date. |
| compromised ✓com·pro·mised/ˈkɑmpɹəˌmaɪzd/ | adj. | made weaker or less safe than beforeตระกูลคำ: compromise, compromises, compromising | The patient's immune system was compromised after the illness. |
| credible ✓✓cred·i·ble/ˈkɹɛdəbəl/ | adj. | able to be believed or trustedตระกูลคำ: credibility, credibly, incredible | The report gives credible evidence from several independent studies. |
| crude ✓✓/kɹud/ | adj. | made or done in a simple, rough way without much skillตระกูลคำ: crudely, crudeness, cruder, crudest | He drew a crude map on a napkin to show us the way. |
| damaging ✓dam·ag·ing/ˈdæmɪdʒɪŋ/ | adj. | causing harm to something or someoneตระกูลคำ: damage, damaged, damages | Too much sun can be damaging to your skin. |
| defensive ✓de·fen·sive/dɪˈfɛnsɪv/ | adj. | meant to protect against attack or criticismตระกูลคำ: defence, defend, defensively | The coach chose a defensive plan to stop the other team scoring. |
| dire ⚠/daɪɹ/ | adj. | extremely serious or urgent | The village was in dire need of water. |
| distinctive ✓dis·tinc·tive/dɪˈstɪŋktɪv/ | adj. | having a special quality that makes something easy to recogniseตระกูลคำ: distinct, distinctively, distinction | The singer has a distinctive voice that listeners recognise immediately. |
| disturbing ✓dis·turb·ing/dɪˈstɝbɪŋ/ | adj. | making you feel worried or upsetตระกูลคำ: disturb, disturbance, disturbed, disturbingly | The report contains some disturbing facts about pollution in the river. |
| dual ✓du·al/ˈduəl/ | adj. | having two parts or purposes | The hall has a dual use: sport and exams. |
| engaging ✓en·gag·ing/ɛnˈɡeɪdʒɪŋ/ | adj. | pleasant and interesting in a way that holds your attentionตระกูลคำ: engage, engagement, engaged, engagingly | The lecture was so engaging that nobody looked at their phone. |
| explicit ✓ex·plic·it/ɪkˈsplɪsət/ | adj. | said or shown clearly, leaving nothing to guessตระกูลคำ: explicitly, explicitness | The teacher gave explicit instructions about how to format the essay. |
| explicitly ✓ex·plic·it·ly/ɪkˈsplɪsətli/ | adv. | in a clear and direct way, leaving nothing hiddenตระกูลคำ: explicit, explicitness | The teacher explicitly told us to bring a calculator. |
| flawed ✓/flɔd/ | adj. | having a mistake or weakness that spoils itตระกูลคำ: flaw, flaws, flawless | The study's conclusion was flawed because the sample was too small. |
| fragile ✓frag·ile/ˈfɹædʒəl/ | adj. | easily broken or damagedตระกูลคำ: fragility | Please pack the glasses carefully because they are fragile. |
| generic ✓ge·ner·ic/dʒəˈnɛɹɪk/ | adj. | shared by a whole group rather than one particular memberตระกูลคำ: generically | The course teaches generic study skills that are useful in any subject. |
| halfway ✓half·way/ˌhæfˈweɪ/ | adv. | at the middle point between two places or timesตระกูลคำ: half | We stopped for lunch halfway through the long drive north. |
| immense ✓✓im·mense/ɪˈmɛns/ | adj. | extremely large or great in size, amount or degreeตระกูลคำ: immensely, immensity | Building the new library required an immense amount of planning. |
| inclined ✓in·clined/ɪnˈklaɪnd/ | adj. | likely to do or feel somethingตระกูลคำ: incline, inclination | After a long day, I am inclined to skip the gym. |
| infamous ✓in·fa·mous/ˈɪnfəməs/ | adj. | well known for something badตระกูลคำ: infamy, infamously | The road is infamous for its heavy traffic every morning. |
| inherent ✓✓in·her·ent/ɪnˈhɪɹənt/ | adj. | existing as a natural and permanent part of somethingตระกูลคำ: inherently | There is an inherent risk in every new business idea. |
| insightful ✓in·sight·ful/ˈɪnˌsaɪtfəl/ | adj. | showing a clear and deep understanding of somethingตระกูลคำ: insight, insightfully | Her insightful comments helped us see the problem differently. |
| instrumental ✓in·stru·men·tal/ˌɪnstɹəˈmɛntəl/ | adj. | playing an important part in making something happenตระกูลคำ: instrument, instruments | The head teacher was instrumental in starting the reading club. |
| intact ✓in·tact/ɪnˈtækt/ | adj. | not damaged, with every part still completeตระกูลคำ: intactness | The old vase survived the house move completely intact. |
| integral ✓✓in·te·gral/ˈɪntəɡɹəl/ | adj. | necessary to make something whole or completeตระกูลคำ: integrate, integration, integrally | Group discussion is an integral part of the seminar each week. |
| integrated ✓in·te·grat·ed/ˈɪntəˌɡɹeɪtəd/ | adj. | combined so that the different parts work together as oneตระกูลคำ: integrate, integration, integrating, integrates | The city has an integrated transport system linking buses and trains. |
| intriguing ✓in·trigu·ing/ɪnˈtɹiɡɪŋ/ | adj. | very interesting because it is unusual or hard to explainตระกูลคำ: intrigue, intrigued, intriguingly | The lecture raised an intriguing question about how children learn languages. |
| ironic ≠i·ron·ic/aɪˈɹɑnɪk/ | adj. | strange or funny because the opposite of what you expect happensตระกูลคำ: irony, ironies, ironically, ironical | It is ironic that the swimming teacher cannot swim. |
| laden ⚠la·den/ˈleɪdən/ | adj. | carrying a heavy loadตระกูลคำ: load | Laden boats sat low in the water. |
| lesser ✓less·er/ˈlɛsɚ/ | adj. | smaller in size, amount or importance than anotherตระกูลคำ: less, least | The other problems were of lesser importance and could wait. |
| lethal ✓le·thal/ˈliθəl/ | adj. | able to cause deathตระกูลคำ: lethally, lethality | Even a small amount of this chemical can be lethal. |
| marginal ✓✓mar·gin·al/ˈmɑɹdʒənəl/ | adj. | very small and not important enough to make a differenceตระกูลคำ: margin, margins, marginally, marginalise | The new software brought only a marginal improvement in speed. |
| mere ≠/mɪɹ/ | adj. | nothing more thanตระกูลคำ: merely | It took a mere five minutes. |
| minimal ✓min·i·mal/ˈmɪnəməl/ | adj. | as small in amount or degree as possibleตระกูลคำ: minimum, minimally, minimise, minimalist, minimalism | The storm caused only minimal damage to the school roof. |
| notable ✓✓no·ta·ble/ˈnoʊtəbəl/ | adj. | important or interesting enough to deserve attentionตระกูลคำ: note, notably | The report showed a notable rise in the number of part-time students. |
| odds ✓/ɑdz/ | n. | the chances of something happening | The odds of rain are high today. |
| partially ✓par·tial·ly/ˈpɑɹʃəli/ | adv. | in part, but not fullyตระกูลคำ: part, partial, partly | The building was only partially finished when the term began. |
| problematic ✓prob·lem·at·ic/ˌpɹɑbləˈmætɪk/ | adj. | full of difficulties and hard to deal withตระกูลคำ: problem, problems | Sharing one computer between five students proved problematic during the project. |
| profound ✓✓pro·found/pɹoʊˈfaʊnd/ | adj. | very great, deep or strongly feltตระกูลคำ: profoundly, profundity | The new teacher had a profound effect on the students' confidence. |
| pronounced ✓pro·nounced/pɹəˈnaʊnst/ | adj. | very easy to notice or very strongตระกูลคำ: pronounce, pronounces, pronouncing, pronunciation | There was a pronounced difference between the two test scores. |
| prospective ✓✓pro·spec·tive/pɹəˈspɛktɪv/ | adj. | expected or likely to become something in the futureตระกูลคำ: prospect, prospects | The university held an open day for prospective students and their parents. |
| robust ✓✓ro·bust/ɹoʊˈbʌst/ | adj. | strong and not easily broken or harmedตระกูลคำ: robustly, robustness | The new phone case is robust enough to survive a fall. |
| specialized ✓spe·cial·ized/ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪzd/ | adj. | designed or trained for one particular purposeตระกูลคำ: specialize, specialist, specialization, special | The hospital has specialized equipment for treating burns. |
| standing ✓stand·ing/ˈstændɪŋ/ | adj. | continuing to exist or apply for a long timeตระกูลคำ: stand | There is a standing rule that meetings finish by five o'clock. |
| stark ✓/stɑɹk/ | adj. | very clear and plain, often in an unpleasant wayตระกูลคำ: starkly, starkness | There is a stark difference between the two exam results. |
| structural ✓✓struc·tur·al/ˈstɹʌktʃɚəl/ | adj. | connected with the way something is built or organisedตระกูลคำ: structure, structurally, structures | The engineer found structural problems in the old bridge. |
| teal ⚠/til/ | n. | a dark blue-green color | She painted the wall teal. |
| theatrical ✓the·at·ri·cal/θiˈætɹɪkəl/ | adj. | connected with plays and acting on stageตระกูลคำ: theatre, theatrically, theatrics | The university has a theatrical group that performs twice a year. |
| tier ⚠/tiɹ/ | n. | one level in a structure of several levels | The top tier holds the trophy. |
| vicious ✓✓vi·cious/ˈvɪʃəs/ | adj. | cruel, and meant to harm someone or something badlyตระกูลคำ: viciously, viciousness | The reviewer wrote a vicious comment about the young writer's first book. |
| vocal ✓vo·cal/ˈvoʊkəl/ | adj. | expressing opinions loudly and oftenตระกูลคำ: vocally, vocalist | Parents were very vocal about the change to the school timetable. |
นามธรรม44 คำ
| คำศัพท์ | ชนิดของคำ | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่างการใช้งาน |
|---|---|---|---|
| accordance ✓ac·cor·dance/əˈkɔɹdəns/ | n. | agreement with a rule, a wish or a planตระกูลคำ: accord, according, accordingly | The exam was marked in accordance with the university rules. |
| accumulation ✓ac·cu·mu·la·tion/əˌkjumjəˈleɪʃən/ | n. | a large amount of something collected together over timeตระกูลคำ: accumulate, accumulated, accumulating, accumulative | There was an accumulation of dust on the old bookshelves. |
| adaptation ✓ad·ap·ta·tion/ˌædəpˈteɪʃən/ | n. | a change made so that something suits a new situationตระกูลคำ: adapt, adapted, adapting, adaptable, adaptive | Living in a new country needs some adaptation to local customs. |
| alignment ✓✓a·lign·ment/əˈlaɪnmənt/ | n. | the arrangement of things in a straight line or correct positionตระกูลคำ: align, aligned, alignments | Check the alignment of the text before you print the poster. |
| applicable ✓ap·pli·ca·ble/ˈæpləkəbəl/ | adj. | relevant to a particular person, group or situationตระกูลคำ: apply, application, applicability | This discount is only applicable to full-time students. |
| array ✓ar·ray/əˈɹeɪ/ | n. | a large and impressive group of thingsตระกูลคำ: arrays, arrayed | The market offered an array of fresh fruit from every region. |
| autonomy ✓au·ton·o·my/ɔˈtɑnəmi/ | n. | the freedom to make your own decisionsตระกูลคำ: autonomous, autonomously | Universities want more autonomy in deciding what courses to offer. |
| backdrop ✓back·drop/ˈbækˌdɹɑp/ | n. | the situation or scenery behind something that happensตระกูลคำ: backdrops | The talks took place against a backdrop of rising food prices. |
| backing ✓back·ing/ˈbækɪŋ/ | n. | support or money given to help a plan succeedตระกูลคำ: back, backed, backer, backers | The new library project has the backing of the whole city council. |
| boundary ✓bound·a·ry/ˈbaʊndɚi/ | n. | a line that marks where one area ends and another beginsตระกูลคำ: boundaries | The river forms the boundary between the two provinces. |
| buffer ✓✓buf·fer/ˈbʌfɚ/ | n. | a thing that protects against harm or lessens the effect of a changeตระกูลคำ: buffers, buffered, buffering | Her savings acted as a buffer when she lost her job. |
| bulk ✓✓/bʌlk/ | n. | the main or largest part of somethingตระกูลคำ: bulky, bulks, bulked | The bulk of the work was finished before the deadline. |
| clarity ✓clar·i·ty/ˈklɛɹəti/ | n. | the quality of being easy to understand or seeตระกูลคำ: clear, clearly, clarify, clarification, unclear | Her essay explains the theory with great clarity. |
| conditional ✓con·di·tion·al/kənˈdɪʃənəl/ | adj. | depending on something else happening firstตระกูลคำ: condition, conditions, conditionally, conditioned | The job offer is conditional on passing a medical check. |
| consistency ✓con·sis·ten·cy/kənˈsɪstənsi/ | n. | the quality of always behaving or happening in the same wayตระกูลคำ: consistent, consistently, inconsistent, inconsistency | Good teachers show consistency in the way they mark essays. |
| constraint ✓✓con·straint/kənˈstɹeɪnt/ | n. | something that limits what you can doตระกูลคำ: constrain, constrained, constraints | Time was the main constraint on our group project. |
| contemplate ✓con·tem·plate/ˈkɑntəmˌpleɪt/ | v. | to think about something carefully for a long timeตระกูลคำ: contemplation, contemplative, contemplated, contemplates, contemplating | She sat by the window and contemplated her choice of university. |
| conviction ✓✓con·vic·tion/kənˈvɪkʃən/ | n. | a very strong belief that something is trueตระกูลคำ: convict, convicted, convictions | She spoke with conviction about the need for cleaner rivers. |
| credibility ✓✓cred·i·bil·i·ty/ˌkɹɛdəˈbɪlɪti/ | n. | the quality that makes people believe and trust youตระกูลคำ: credible, credibly, incredible | The newspaper lost credibility after printing a false report. |
| demon ✓de·mon/ˈdimən/ | n. | an evil spirit believed to bring harm or bad luckตระกูลคำ: demons, demonic | In the old story, a demon lives in the cave and frightens travellers. |
| denial ✓de·ni·al/dɪˈnaɪəl/ | n. | a statement that something is not true or did not happenตระกูลคำ: deny, denied, denies, denying, denials | The company issued a quick denial of the story in the newspaper. |
| dependence ✓de·pen·dence/dɪˈpɛndəns/ | n. | the state of needing someone or something in order to live or succeedตระกูลคำ: depend, dependent, dependable, dependency, depends, independent | The country wants to reduce its dependence on imported oil. |
| discretion ✓dis·cre·tion/dɪˈskɹɛʃən/ | n. | the freedom to decide what should be done in a situationตระกูลคำ: discretionary, discreet | Teachers have some discretion over how they mark late homework. |
| dominance ✓dom·i·nance/ˈdɑmənəns/ | n. | the state of being more powerful or important than othersตระกูลคำ: dominate, dominant, dominated, domination, dominating | The team's dominance in the league lasted for three seasons. |
| entity ✓en·ti·ty/ˈɛntəti/ | n. | something that exists as a single, separate thingตระกูลคำ: entities | After the merger, the two companies became a single legal entity. |
| fairness ✓fair·ness/ˈfɛɹnəs/ | n. | the quality of treating everyone equally and in a reasonable wayตระกูลคำ: fair, fairly, unfair, unfairly | Students respect the teacher for the fairness of her marking. |
| handful ✓hand·ful/ˈhændˌfʊl/ | n. | a small number of people or thingsตระกูลคำ: hand, hands, handfuls | Only a handful of students came to the extra class. |
| handling ✓han·dling/ˈhændlɪŋ/ | n. | the way someone deals with a situation or problemตระกูลคำ: handle, handled, handles, handler | The manager was praised for her calm handling of the complaint. |
| ideological ✓i·de·o·log·i·cal/ˌaɪdiəˈlɑdʒɪkəl/ | adj. | based on a fixed set of political or social beliefsตระกูลคำ: ideology, ideologies, ideologically | The two writers disagree for ideological reasons, not practical ones. |
| inherently ✓in·her·ent·ly/ɪnˈhɪɹəntli/ | adv. | as a basic and natural part of somethingตระกูลคำ: inherent | Group projects are inherently harder to organise than individual work. |
| integrity ✓in·teg·ri·ty/ɪnˈtɛɡɹəti/ | n. | the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles | The committee praised her integrity when she reported the error. |
| intensity ✓in·ten·si·ty/ɪnˈtɛnsəti/ | n. | the level of strength or force of somethingตระกูลคำ: intense, intensely, intensify, intensive | The intensity of the sunlight made the classroom uncomfortably hot. |
| latent ✓la·tent/ˈleɪtənt/ | adj. | present but not yet seen, active or developedตระกูลคำ: latency, latently | The course helped him discover a latent talent for design. |
| legacy ✓✓leg·a·cy/ˈlɛɡəsi/ | n. | something from the past that still has an effect todayตระกูลคำ: legacies | The old headteacher left a legacy of kindness and hard work. |
| likelihood ✓✓like·li·hood/ˈlaɪkliˌhʊd/ | n. | the chance that something will happenตระกูลคำ: likely, unlikely, likelihoods | There is little likelihood of rain this weekend, the forecast says. |
| magnitude ✓mag·ni·tude/ˈmæɡnəˌtud/ | n. | the great size or importance of somethingตระกูลคำ: magnitudes | Nobody understood the magnitude of the problem until the report came out. |
| manipulation ✓✓ma·nip·u·la·tion/məˌnɪpjəˈleɪʃən/ | n. | clever control of people or facts, often in an unfair wayตระกูลคำ: manipulate, manipulated, manipulating, manipulative, manipulator | Careful manipulation of the numbers made the results look better than they were. |
| meaningless ✓mean·ing·less/ˈminɪŋləs/ | adj. | having no purpose, sense or importanceตระกูลคำ: meaning, mean, meaningful | Without the answer key, these numbers on the sheet are meaningless. |
| momentum ✓mo·men·tum/moʊˈmɛntəm/ | n. | the force that keeps something moving or growing | The project gained momentum once the funding was approved. |
| quest ✓✓/kwɛst/ | n. | a long and difficult search for something importantตระกูลคำ: quests | Her quest for a cure took many years of research. |
| respective ✓re·spec·tive/ɹɪˈspɛktɪv/ | adj. | belonging separately to each of the people or things mentionedตระกูลคำ: respect, respectively | After the meeting, the students returned to their respective classrooms. |
| sacrifice ✓✓sac·ri·fice/ˈsækɹəˌfaɪs/ | n. | something important you give up to gain something betterตระกูลคำ: sacrifices, sacrificed, sacrificing, sacrificial | Her parents made many sacrifices so she could study abroad. |
| suspension ✓✓sus·pen·sion/səˈspɛnʃən/ | n. | the act of stopping something from happening for a period of timeตระกูลคำ: suspend, suspended, suspending, suspends, suspensions | The suspension of bus services caused problems for many students. |
| underlying ✓un·der·ly·ing/ˌʌndɚˈlaɪɪŋ/ | adj. | real or basic, but not easy to see at firstตระกูลคำ: underlie, underlies, underlay | Poor sleep was the underlying cause of his low marks. |
การทำงาน39 คำ
| คำศัพท์ | ชนิดของคำ | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่างการใช้งาน |
|---|---|---|---|
| accountable ✓ac·count·a·ble/əˈkaʊntəbəl/ | adj. | responsible for something and expected to explain your actionsตระกูลคำ: account, accountability, accountant, accounting, accounts | Managers are accountable for the decisions their teams make. |
| administer ✓ad·min·is·ter/ədˈmɪnəstɚ/ | v. | to manage and be responsible for an organisation or systemตระกูลคำ: administration, administrator, administrative, administered, administers | The university office administers all student grants and loans. |
| advisory ✓ad·vi·so·ry/ædˈvaɪzɚi/ | adj. | having the job of giving suggestions rather than making decisionsตระกูลคำ: advise, advice, adviser, advisers, advisor, advisors | She sits on an advisory committee for the new science building. |
| aide ✓/eɪd/ | n. | a person who helps someone in their workตระกูลคำ: aid | A teaching aide joined the class. |
| align ✓✓a·lign/əˈlaɪn/ | v. | to place in a straight line; to bring into agreementตระกูลคำ: alignment | Align the sheet with the margin. |
| allocate ✓al·lo·cate/ˈæləˌkeɪt/ | v. | to give out money, time or space for a particular purposeตระกูลคำ: allocation, allocated, allocating, allocates | The school allocated extra funds to the science department this year. |
| charter ✓✓char·ter/ˈtʃɑɹtɚ/ | n. | an official document granting rightsตระกูลคำ: chartered | The city charter dates from 1290. |
| coil ⚠/kɔɪl/ | n. | something wound into rings | A coil of rope lay on deck. |
| collaborate ✓✓col·lab·o·rate/kəˈlæbɚˌeɪt/ | v. | to work together with other people on a shared taskตระกูลคำ: collaboration, collaborative, collaborator, collaborated, collaborates, collaborating | The two universities collaborated on a study of river pollution. |
| confer ✓con·fer/kənˈfɝ/ | v. | to discuss something with other people before decidingตระกูลคำ: conference, conferences, conferred, conferring, confers | The judges conferred for ten minutes before announcing the winner. |
| consultation ✓✓con·sul·ta·tion/ˌkɑnsəlˈteɪʃən/ | n. | a meeting where you ask an expert for adviceตระกูลคำ: consult, consultant, consultancy, consulted, consulting, consults | Students can book a consultation with a lecturer before the exam. |
| contractor ✓✓con·trac·tor/ˈkɑnˌtɹæktɚ/ | n. | a person or company paid to do a particular jobตระกูลคำ: contract, contracted, contracting, contractors | The university hired a contractor to repair the library roof. |
| coordinate ✓co·or·di·nate/koʊˈɔɹdəˌneɪt/ | v. | to organise different people or activities so they work well togetherตระกูลคำ: coordination, coordinator, coordinated, coordinating, coordinates | A teacher coordinates the timetable for the whole department. |
| coordination ✓co·or·di·na·tion/koʊˌɔɹdəˈneɪʃən/ | n. | the organising of different people or parts so that they work well togetherตระกูลคำ: coordinate, coordinated, coordinates, coordinating, coordinator | Good coordination between the two departments saved a lot of time. |
| coordinator ✓co·or·di·na·tor/koʊˈɔɹdəˌneɪtɚ/ | n. | a person whose job is to organise people or activities so they work togetherตระกูลคำ: coordinate, coordinated, coordinates, coordinating, coordination, coordinators | The course coordinator sends the timetable to all students each term. |
| counterpart ✓coun·ter·part/ˈkaʊntɚˌpɑɹt/ | n. | a person or thing with the same job or role in a different placeตระกูลคำ: counterparts | Our finance manager met her counterpart from the Singapore office yesterday. |
| defect ✓de·fect/ˈdifɛkt/ | n. | a fault or weakness that makes something not perfectตระกูลคำ: defects, defective | The factory found a small defect in the phone screens and stopped production. |
| deploy ✓de·ploy/dɪˈplɔɪ/ | v. | to put people or equipment in position, ready for useตระกูลคำ: deployed, deploying, deployment, deployments, deploys | The company deployed extra staff to the airport during the holiday. |
| deployment ✓de·ploy·ment/dɪˈplɔɪmənt/ | n. | the act of moving people or equipment into position for useตระกูลคำ: deploy, deployed, deploying, deploys, deployments | The deployment of the new software will start on Monday morning. |
| directory ✓di·rec·to·ry/dəˈɹɛktɚi/ | n. | a list of names, addresses or phone numbers in orderตระกูลคำ: directories | Check the staff directory to find her office phone number. |
| dismissal ✓dis·miss·al/dɪˈsmɪsəl/ | n. | the act of making someone leave their jobตระกูลคำ: dismiss, dismissed, dismissals, dismissive | His dismissal came after several warnings about arriving late. |
| dyer ⚠dy·er/ˈdaɪɚ/ | n. | a person whose work is dyeing clothตระกูลคำ: dye | The dyer's yard smells of indigo. |
| erect ✓e·rect/ɪˈɹɛkt/ | v. | to build or put up a structure | They erected a new hall. |
| franchise ✓fran·chise/ˈfɹænˌtʃaɪz/ | n. | the right to sell a company's products under its name in an areaตระกูลคำ: franchises, franchisee, franchisor, franchised, franchising | She opened a coffee franchise near the university last year. |
| idle ≠i·dle/ˈaɪdəl/ | adj. | not working or being used | The machine stood idle. |
| lieu ⚠/lu/ | n. | used in the phrase in lieu of: instead of | A day off in lieu of overtime. |
| listing ✓list·ing/ˈlɪstɪŋ/ | n. | a printed or online list of items, often with detailsตระกูลคำ: list, lists, listed, listings | The house listing showed photos of every room and the garden. |
| machinery ✓ma·chin·er·y/məˈʃinɚi/ | n. | large equipment with moving parts used in factories or on farmsตระกูลคำ: machine, machines | The farm bought new machinery to harvest the rice faster. |
| mining ✓min·ing/ˈmaɪnɪŋ/ | n. | the work of digging coal, metal or stone out of the groundตระกูลคำ: miner, mines, mined | Mining provides many jobs in the northern part of the country. |
| newsletter ✓news·let·ter/ˈnuzˌlɛtɚ/ | n. | a short report sent regularly to members of a groupตระกูลคำ: newsletters | The school sends a newsletter to parents every month. |
| niche ✓✓/nɪtʃ/ | n. | a small special area of business or activity that suits one groupตระกูลคำ: niches | The shop found a niche selling handmade notebooks to students. |
| notify ✓no·ti·fy/ˈnoʊtəˌfaɪ/ | v. | to tell someone officially about somethingตระกูลคำ: notification, notified, notifies, notifying | The office will notify students by email when results are ready. |
| occupational ✓oc·cu·pa·tion·al/ɑkjəˈpeɪʃənəl/ | adj. | connected with a person's jobตระกูลคำ: occupation, occupations, occupy | Back pain is a common occupational problem for office workers. |
| operational ✓op·er·a·tion·al/ˌɑpəˈɹeɪʃənəl/ | adj. | working and ready to be usedตระกูลคำ: operate, operation, operations, operator, operators | The new train line will be fully operational by next year. |
| oversee ✓✓o·ver·see/ˌoʊvɚˈsi/ | v. | to watch and direct work to make sure it is done properlyตระกูลคำ: oversaw, overseen, overseeing, overseer, oversees | A senior nurse oversees the training of every new staff member. |
| plea ✓/pli/ | n. | an urgent requestตระกูลคำ: plead, pleaded | The letter was a plea for more books. |
| predecessor ✓✓pre·de·ces·sor/ˈpɹɛdəˌsɛsɚ/ | n. | the person who had a job or position before someone elseตระกูลคำ: predecessors | The new director thanked her predecessor for his years of work. |
| reel ⚠/ɹil/ | n. | a round object that thread or film winds around | Wind the thread onto the reel. |
| terminate ✓ter·mi·nate/ˈtɝməˌneɪt/ | v. | to bring something to an endตระกูลคำ: termination, terminated, terminating, terminal, terminator | The company terminated the contract after repeated late deliveries. |
การกระทำ31 คำ
| คำศัพท์ | ชนิดของคำ | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่างการใช้งาน |
|---|---|---|---|
| accelerate ✓ac·cel·er·ate/ækˈsɛlɚˌeɪt/ | v. | to move faster, or to make something happen more quicklyตระกูลคำ: acceleration, accelerator, accelerated, accelerating, accelerates | The train accelerated quickly after leaving the station. |
| alleviate ✓al·le·vi·ate/əˈliviˌeɪt/ | v. | to make a problem or pain less severeตระกูลคำ: alleviation, alleviated, alleviates, alleviating | A short walk can alleviate the stress of a long study day. |
| circulate ✓✓cir·cu·late/ˈsɝkjəˌleɪt/ | v. | to pass from one person or place to anotherตระกูลคำ: circulation, circulated, circulates, circulating, circulator | The report was circulated to every member of the committee. |
| cling ✓/klɪŋ/ | v. | to hold on to something very tightlyตระกูลคำ: clung, clinging, clings, clingy | The child clung to her mother's hand in the crowded market. |
| commence ✓com·mence/kəˈmɛns/ | v. | to begin, especially something formal or officialตระกูลคำ: commencement, commenced, commencing, commences | The graduation ceremony will commence at nine o'clock in the main hall. |
| compel ✓✓com·pel/kəmˈpɛl/ | v. | to force someone to do somethingตระกูลคำ: compelled, compelling, compels, compulsion, compulsory | Rising costs compelled the school to cancel the trip. |
| consolidate ✓con·sol·i·date/kənˈsɑlɪˌdeɪt/ | v. | to join several things into a single, stronger wholeตระกูลคำ: consolidation, consolidated, consolidating, consolidates | She consolidated her lecture notes into one clear summary before the exam. |
| creep ✓/kɹip/ | v. | to move slowly and quietly so nobody noticesตระกูลคำ: crept, creeping, creeps, creeper, creepy | He crept into the room so he would not disturb the class. |
| designate ✓des·ig·nate/ˈdɛzəɡˌneɪt/ | v. | to choose someone or something officially for a particular purpose or jobตระกูลคำ: designation, designated, designating, designates | The university designated the old library as a quiet study area. |
| discard ✓✓dis·card/dɪˈskɑɹd/ | v. | to throw away something you no longer want or needตระกูลคำ: discarded, discarding, discards | Please discard any notes you no longer need before we move office. |
| disclose ✓dis·close/dɪsˈkloʊz/ | v. | to make secret or private information knownตระกูลคำ: disclosure, disclosed, discloses, disclosing | The company refused to disclose how much the new director earns. |
| elevate ✓✓el·e·vate/ˈɛləˌveɪt/ | v. | to raise something to a higher level or positionตระกูลคำ: elevated, elevates, elevating, elevation, elevator | The nurse asked him to elevate his leg on a pillow. |
| embark ✓✓em·bark/ɛmˈbɑɹk/ | v. | to begin a long or important activityตระกูลคำ: embarked, embarking, embarkation, embarks | Next month she will embark on a two-year research project. |
| exert ✓✓ex·ert/ɪɡˈzɝt/ | v. | to use effort, power or influence to make something happenตระกูลคำ: exertion, exerted, exerting, exerts | Teachers can exert a strong influence on how children see themselves. |
| foster ✓fos·ter/ˈfɑstɚ/ | v. | to help something grow or developตระกูลคำ: fostered, fostering, fosters | Group projects foster teamwork among first-year students. |
| grind ✓/ɡɹaɪnd/ | v. | to crush something into very small pieces or powderตระกูลคำ: ground, grinder, grinding, grinds | Grind the coffee beans just before you make the coffee. |
| halt ✓/hɔlt/ | v. | to stop; a formal word | Rain halted the match. |
| induce ≠in·duce/ɪnˈdus/ | v. | to cause something to happenตระกูลคำ: induced, induces, inducing, inducement, induction | Lack of sleep can induce headaches in many students. |
| inhibit ✓in·hib·it/ɪnˈhɪbət/ | v. | to stop something from happening or make it slowerตระกูลคำ: inhibition, inhibited, inhibitor, inhibits, inhibiting | Fear of mistakes can inhibit students from speaking in class. |
| initiate ✓in·i·ti·ate/ɪˈnɪʃiˌeɪt/ | v. | to make something beginตระกูลคำ: initiated, initiation, initiative, initiator | The university initiated a recycling programme in every building. |
| insertion ✓in·ser·tion/ɪnˈsɝʃən/ | n. | the act of putting something inside another thingตระกูลคำ: insert, inserted, inserting, inserts, insertions | The insertion of a new paragraph made the essay much clearer. |
| intervene ✓in·ter·vene/ˌɪntɚˈvin/ | v. | to become involved in a situation in order to change itตระกูลคำ: intervention, intervened, intervening, intervenes | The teacher intervened when the two students started arguing loudly. |
| manifest ✓man·i·fest/ˈmænəˌfɛst/ | v. | to show something clearly through signs or actionsตระกูลคำ: manifestation, manifested, manifesting, manifests, manifestly | Stress often manifests itself as headaches and poor sleep. |
| maximize ✓max·i·mize/ˈmæksəˌmaɪz/ | v. | to make something as large or as great as possibleตระกูลคำ: maximum, maximization, maximized, maximizing, maximal | Sit near the front to maximize your chances of hearing well. |
| portray ✓✓por·tray/pɔɹtˈɹeɪ/ | v. | to show or describe someone or something in a particular wayตระกูลคำ: portrayal, portrayed, portraying, portrays, portrait | The film portrays village life as slow and peaceful. |
| provoke ✓✓pro·voke/pɹəˈvoʊk/ | v. | to cause a strong reaction or feeling in peopleตระกูลคำ: provocation, provocative, provoked, provokes, provoking | The new parking rules provoked complaints from staff. |
| render ✓✓ren·der/ˈɹɛndɚ/ | v. | to cause something to be in a particular stateตระกูลคำ: rendered, rendering, renders | The heavy rain rendered the football pitch unusable for the whole weekend. |
| rotate ✓✓ro·tate/ˈɹoʊˌteɪt/ | v. | to turn around a central point, like a wheelตระกูลคำ: rotation, rotated, rotates, rotating, rotator | The Earth rotates once every twenty-four hours. |
| rove ⚠/ɹoʊv/ | v. | to wander from place to placeตระกูลคำ: roving | Vendors rove the fair all day. |
| thrive ✓/θɹaɪv/ | v. | to grow well or become very successfulตระกูลคำ: thrived, thrives, thriving | Small cafés thrive in this part of the city. |
| undermine ✓un·der·mine/ˌʌndɚˈmaɪn/ | v. | to make something gradually weaker or less effectiveตระกูลคำ: undermined, undermines, undermining | Constant criticism can undermine a young learner's confidence. |
วิชาการ24 คำ
| คำศัพท์ | ชนิดของคำ | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่างการใช้งาน |
|---|---|---|---|
| adhere ≠ad·here/ədˈhɪɹ/ | v. | to follow a rule, plan or belief closelyตระกูลคำ: adherence, adherent, adhered, adheres, adhering, adhesive | All laboratories must adhere to the university safety guidelines. |
| apparatus ✓ap·pa·ra·tus/ˌæpəˈɹætəs/ | n. | the equipment needed for a scientific or technical taskตระกูลคำ: apparatuses | The students set up the apparatus before starting the chemistry experiment. |
| archive ✓ar·chive/ˈɑɹˌkaɪv/ | n. | a collection of old documents and records kept for studyตระกูลคำ: archives, archived, archiving, archival, archivist | The library archive holds newspapers from more than a century ago. |
| assertion ✓✓as·ser·tion/əˈsɝʃən/ | n. | a strong statement that something is true, often without proofตระกูลคำ: assert, asserted, asserting, asserts, assertive, assertions | Her assertion that the data were wrong surprised the whole team. |
| contend ✓con·tend/kənˈtɛnd/ | v. | to argue that something is trueตระกูลคำ: contention, contender, contended, contending, contends, contentious | The author contends that small classes help students learn faster. |
| contention ✓con·ten·tion/kənˈtɛnʃən/ | n. | a strong opinion that someone states in an argument or discussionตระกูลคำ: contend, contends, contentions, contentious | The author's main contention is that reading improves memory. |
| contested ✓con·test·ed/kənˈtɛstəd/ | adj. | argued about because people do not agreeตระกูลคำ: contest, contests, contesting | The meaning of the term is still contested among researchers. |
| contextual ✓con·tex·tu·al/ˌkɑnˈtɛksˌtʃuəl/ | adj. | connected with the situation in which something happensตระกูลคำ: context, contexts, contextually, contextualise | Good readers use contextual clues to guess new words. |
| critique ✓cri·tique/kɹəˈtik/ | n. | a detailed piece of writing that judges the strengths and weaknesses of somethingตระกูลคำ: critiques, critiqued, critiquing, critic, critical, criticism | Each student must write a critique of a published research article. |
| density ✓den·si·ty/ˈdɛnsəti/ | n. | the amount of people or things in a given area or spaceตระกูลคำ: dense, densely, densities | Bangkok has a much higher population density than the countryside. |
| depict ✓✓de·pict/dɪˈpɪkt/ | v. | to show something in a picture or describe it in wordsตระกูลคำ: depiction, depicted, depicting, depicts | The painting depicts a busy floating market at sunrise. |
| empirical ✓em·pir·i·cal/ˌɛmˈpɪɹɪkəl/ | adj. | based on real observation or experiment rather than on theoryตระกูลคำ: empirically, empiricism | The study gives empirical evidence that sleep improves memory. |
| experimental ✓ex·per·i·men·tal/ɪkˌspɛɹɪˈmɛntəl/ | adj. | connected with scientific tests done to discover somethingตระกูลคำ: experiment, experimentally, experimentation | The experimental group received the new teaching method for ten weeks. |
| explanatory ✓ex·plan·a·to·ry/ɪkˈsplænəˌtɔɹi/ | adj. | giving reasons that help people understand somethingตระกูลคำ: explain, explanation, explained, explaining, explanations | Each diagram comes with a short explanatory note underneath. |
| formulate ✓✓for·mu·late/ˈfɔɹmjəˌleɪt/ | v. | to develop a plan, idea or rule carefully and in detailตระกูลคำ: formula, formulation, formulated, formulating | The committee spent months formulating a new policy on student attendance. |
| indicator ✓in·di·ca·tor/ˈɪndəˌkeɪtɚ/ | n. | something that shows the state or level of a situationตระกูลคำ: indicate, indicated, indicates, indicating, indication, indicative | Test scores are only one indicator of a student's ability. |
| irrelevant ✓ir·rel·e·vant/ɪˈɹɛləvənt/ | adj. | not connected with the subject being discussedตระกูลคำ: relevant, relevance, irrelevance, irrelevantly | Please leave out details that are irrelevant to the question. |
| linear ✓✓lin·e·ar/ˈlɪniɚ/ | adj. | moving or arranged in one straight direction, step by stepตระกูลคำ: line, linearly, linearity | The story follows a linear path from her childhood to old age. |
| manuscript ✓man·u·script/ˈmænjəˌskɹɪpt/ | n. | a book or text written by an author before it is printedตระกูลคำ: manuscripts | She sent her manuscript to three publishers last month. |
| precision ✓✓pre·ci·sion/pɹiˈsɪʒən/ | n. | the quality of being exact and correct in every detailตระกูลคำ: precise, precisely | The scientist measured each sample with great precision. |
| specimen ✓✓spec·i·men/ˈspɛsəmən/ | n. | a single example of something, used for study or testingตระกูลคำ: specimens | The students examined a leaf specimen under the microscope. |
| statistical ✓sta·tis·ti·cal/stəˈtɪstɪkəl/ | adj. | based on numbers that have been collected and studiedตระกูลคำ: statistic, statistics, statistically, statistician | The report gives statistical evidence that reading improves grades. |
| theoretical ✓the·o·ret·i·cal/ˌθiəˈɹɛtɪkəl/ | adj. | based on ideas rather than practice or experienceตระกูลคำ: theory, theories, theoretically, theorist, theorize | The course covers the theoretical background before the laboratory work. |
| verify ✓ver·i·fy/ˈvɛɹəˌfaɪ/ | v. | to check that something is true or correctตระกูลคำ: verification, verified, verifies, verifying, verifiable, verifier | Please verify your email address before you submit the form. |
พระพุทธศาสนา23 คำ
| คำศัพท์ | ชนิดของคำ | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่างการใช้งาน |
|---|---|---|---|
| abbot ⚠ab·bot/ˈæbət/ | n. | the senior monk in charge of a monastery | The abbot welcomed the visitors. |
| aggregate ⚠ag·gre·gate/ˈæɡɹəɡət/ | n. บาลี: khandha | one of the five groups that make up a person in Buddhist analysis | Form is the first aggregate. |
| alms ⚠/ɑlmz/ | n. บาลี: dāna | food or goods offered to monks or those in need | Villagers offer alms each morning. |
| amen ⚠a·men/eɪˈmɛn/ | n. | a word said at the end of a prayer | The congregation said amen. |
| cessation ✓ces·sa·tion/ˌsɛˈseɪʃən/ | n. บาลี: nirodha | complete stopping or endingตระกูลคำ: cease | The Third Noble Truth is the cessation of suffering. |
| clinging ⚠cling·ing/ˈklɪŋɪŋ/ | n. บาลี: upādāna | holding on tightly; in Buddhist texts, the mind's gripตระกูลคำ: cling, clung | Clinging to results brings stress. |
| delusion ⚠de·lu·sion/dɪˈluʒən/ | n. บาลี: moha | a mistaken way of seeing that clouds the mindตระกูลคำ: deluded | Greed, hatred and delusion are the three roots. |
| equanimity ⚠e·qua·nim·i·ty/ˌikwəˈnɪmɪti/ | n. บาลี: upekkhā | an even, balanced state of mind in good times and bad | She received the news with equanimity. |
| fetter ⚠fet·ter/ˈfɛtɚ/ | n. บาลี: saṃyojana | a chain; one of the ties said to bind beings to suffering | The first three fetters fall away at stream-entry. |
| hindrance ≠hin·drance/ˈhɪndɹəns/ | n. บาลี: nīvaraṇa | something that blocks progress; one of the five obstacles to meditationตระกูลคำ: hinder | Doubt is the fifth hindrance. |
| impermanence ⚠im·per·ma·nence/ˌɪmˈpɝmənəns/ | n. บาลี: anicca | the fact that all conditioned things change and passตระกูลคำ: impermanent | The falling leaf was a lesson in impermanence. |
| mantra ⚠man·tra/ˈmæntɹə/ | n. บาลี: manta | a word or phrase repeated to help the mind focus | She repeated the mantra softly. |
| ordain ≠or·dain/ɔɹˈdeɪn/ | v. บาลี: upasampadā | to formally make someone a monk or priestตระกูลคำ: ordination | He was ordained at twenty. |
| ordination ⚠or·di·na·tion/ˌɔɹdəˈneɪʃən/ | n. บาลี: upasampadā | the ceremony that makes someone a monk or priestตระกูลคำ: ordain | His ordination is set for July. |
| precept ⚠pre·cept/ˈpɹiˌsɛpt/ | n. บาลี: sikkhāpada | a training rule for good conduct | Lay people keep five precepts. |
| precepts ⚠pre·cepts/ˈpɹiˌsɛpts/ | n. บาลี: sikkhāpada | plural of precept: rules of training for conductตระกูลคำ: precept | Lay visitors keep five precepts. |
| rapture ≠rap·ture/ˈɹæptʃɚ/ | n. บาลี: pīti | uplifting joy that suffuses body and mind | Rapture arises as concentration deepens. |
| rebirth ⚠re·birth/ɹiˈbɝθ/ | n. บาลี: punabbhava | being born again; in Buddhist texts, the next becomingตระกูลคำ: birth, reborn | The mural shows the cycle of rebirth. |
| renunciation ⚠re·nun·ci·a·tion/ɹɪˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃən/ | n. บาลี: nekkhamma | giving up worldly pleasures for a higher aimตระกูลคำ: renounce | His renunciation surprised his family. |
| rite ≠/ɹaɪt/ | n. | a formal religious ceremonyตระกูลคำ: ritual | The rite is performed at dawn. |
| sage ≠/seɪdʒ/ | n. | a very wise person | The sage answered in one sentence. |
| tranquility ✓tran·quil·i·ty/tɹæŋkˈwɪlɪti/ | n. บาลี: passaddhi | deep calm of body and mindตระกูลคำ: tranquil | Tranquility settles the mind for insight. |
| vice ✓/vaɪs/ | n. | a bad habit or immoral behaviour | The text lists gambling as a vice. |
โรงเรียน19 คำ
| คำศัพท์ | ชนิดของคำ | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่างการใช้งาน |
|---|---|---|---|
| coherent ≠co·her·ent/koʊˈhɪɹənt/ | adj. | clear and logically connectedตระกูลคำ: coherence | Her argument was coherent throughout. |
| dean ⚠/din/ | n. | a senior officer in a college or university | The dean approved the request. |
| discourse ✓✓dis·course/ˈdɪskɔɹs/ | n. บาลี: sutta | language used in speech or writing | Classroom discourse follows patterns. |
| epic ⚠ep·ic/ˈɛpɪk/ | adj. | very long and impressive | The Ramayana is an epic poem. |
| gene ≠/dʒin/ | n. | a part of a cell that carries inherited featuresตระกูลคำ: genetic | The gene was identified last year. |
| grid ✓/ɡɹɪd/ | n. | a pattern of straight lines crossing to make squares | Copy the word into the grid. |
| implicit ⚠im·plic·it/ˌɪmpˈlɪsət/ | adj. | suggested but not stated directlyตระกูลคำ: implicitly, imply | The criticism was implicit. |
| ions ⚠i·ons/ˈaɪənz/ | n. | atoms carrying an electrical chargeตระกูลคำ: ion | Salt separates into ions in water. |
| literacy ✓lit·er·a·cy/ˈlɪtɚəsi/ | n. | the ability to read and writeตระกูลคำ: literate, illiterate, illiteracy | The library runs free literacy classes for adults every evening. |
| nuance ⚠nu·ance/ˈnuɑns/ | n. | a very small difference in meaningตระกูลคำ: nuanced | The translation lost every nuance. |
| parse ⚠/pɑɹs/ | v. | to break a sentence into its grammar parts | Parse the sentence on the board. |
| prevalent ⚠prev·a·lent/ˈpɹɛvələnt/ | adj. | common in a place or at a timeตระกูลคำ: prevalence | That spelling error is prevalent here. |
| prose ≠/pɹoʊz/ | n. | ordinary written language, not poetry | Write your answer in prose. |
| ratio ✓ra·tio/ˈɹeɪʃiˌoʊ/ | n. | the relation between two amounts, shown as two numbers | Keep a one-to-four teacher ratio. |
| satire ⚠sat·ire/ˈsæˌtaɪɚ/ | n. | writing that uses humour to criticise people or ideas | The play is a gentle satire on exams. |
| syllable ≠syl·la·ble/ˈsɪləbəl/ | n. | a unit of sound in a wordตระกูลคำ: syllabic | Water has two syllables. |
| threshold ✓thresh·old/ˈθɹɛˌʃoʊld/ | n. | the level at which something begins | She crossed the B2 threshold. |
| tome ⚠/toʊm/ | n. | a large heavy serious book | The old grammar tome stays on the shelf. |
| unscramble ⚠un·scram·ble/ənskˈɹæmbəl/ | v. | to put mixed things back in orderตระกูลคำ: scramble, scrambled | Unscramble the word and write it down. |
ผู้คน17 คำ
| คำศัพท์ | ชนิดของคำ | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่างการใช้งาน |
|---|---|---|---|
| amateur ✓✓am·a·teur/ˈæməˌtɝ/ | n. | a person who does something for pleasure, not as a jobตระกูลคำ: amateurish, amateurism, amateurs | He is only an amateur, but his photographs look professional. |
| bail ✓/beɪl/ | n. | money paid so an arrested person can wait at home for trial | The court set bail at a high sum. |
| bard ⚠/bɑɹd/ | n. | a poet, especially in older times | The bard sang of the river kings. |
| clash ✓/klæʃ/ | n. | a strong disagreement between people or groupsตระกูลคำ: clashes, clashed, clashing | There was a clash of opinions between the two managers at the meeting. |
| contributor ✓con·trib·u·tor/kənˈtɹɪbjətɚ/ | n. | a person who gives money, help or writing to a shared projectตระกูลคำ: contribute, contributed, contributes, contributing, contribution, contributors | She is a regular contributor to the university magazine. |
| dedicated ✓ded·i·cat·ed/ˈdɛdəkeɪtəd/ | adj. | giving a lot of time and effort to something you care aboutตระกูลคำ: dedicate, dedication, dedicates, dedicating | Our dedicated nurse stayed late to check every patient again. |
| gathering ✓gath·er·ing/ˈɡæðɚɪŋ/ | n. | a group of people who have come together for a purposeตระกูลคำ: gather, gathered, gatherer, gatherings | About fifty people attended the family gathering on Sunday. |
| gran ⚠/ɡɹæn/ | n. | an informal word for grandmother | My gran lives nearby. |
| insider ✓in·sid·er/ɪnˈsaɪdɚ/ | n. | a person who belongs to a group and knows its secretsตระกูลคำ: inside, insiders | Only an insider could know when the company plans to hire. |
| interference ✓in·ter·fer·ence/ˌɪntɚˈfɪɹəns/ | n. | the act of getting involved in something that is not your businessตระกูลคำ: interfere, interfered, interferes, interfering | The manager's constant interference made the team slow and unhappy. |
| kin ⚠/kɪn/ | n. | your family and relativesตระกูลคำ: kinship, kinsman | She travelled to meet distant kin. |
| lad ✓/læd/ | n. | a boy or young man | The lad carried the bags. |
| lesbian ✓les·bi·an/ˈlɛzbiən/ | adj. | describing a woman who is attracted to other womenตระกูลคำ: lesbians, lesbianism | The student club supports lesbian and gay members on campus. |
| maternal ✓ma·ter·nal/məˈtɝnəl/ | adj. | relating to a mother or typical of a motherตระกูลคำ: maternally, maternity, mother | The nurse spoke to the frightened child in a warm, maternal voice. |
| mob ✓/mɑb/ | n. | a large, noisy, often angry crowd | A mob gathered outside the gate. |
| realm ✓/ɹɛlm/ | n. | a kingdom; an area of knowledge or activity | Grammar is her realm. |
| reign ✓/ɹeɪn/ | n. | the period a king or queen rules | The bridge dates from the last reign. |
ธรรมชาติ14 คำ
| คำศัพท์ | ชนิดของคำ | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่างการใช้งาน |
|---|---|---|---|
| drainage ⚠drain·age/ˈdɹeɪnədʒ/ | n. | the way water flows away from landตระกูลคำ: drain | Poor drainage flooded the field. |
| drift ✓/dɹɪft/ | v. | to move slowly, carried by water or airตระกูลคำ: drifted, drifter, drifting, drifts | The empty boat drifted across the lake in the wind. |
| elm ⚠/ɛlm/ | n. | a large tree with broad leaves | An old elm stood by the gate. |
| evolutionary ✓ev·o·lu·tion·ar·y/ˌɛvəˈluʃəˌnɛɹi/ | adj. | connected with the slow change of living things over many generationsตระกูลคำ: evolve, evolution, evolved, evolves, evolving | The museum explains the evolutionary history of birds from dinosaurs. |
| geological ✓ge·o·log·i·cal/ˌdʒiəˈlɑdʒɪkəl/ | adj. | connected with the rocks and soil that make up the Earthตระกูลคำ: geology, geologist, geologically, geologic | The students studied a geological map of the river valley. |
| isle ≠/aɪl/ | n. | a small islandตระกูลคำ: island | A quiet isle lies offshore. |
| mare ⚠/mɛɹ/ | n. | a female horse | The mare stood by the fence. |
| prey ✓/pɹeɪ/ | n. | an animal hunted by another for food | The owl watches for prey. |
| ram ≠/ɹæm/ | n. | an adult male sheep | The ram stood on the hill. |
| reap ✓/ɹip/ | v. | to cut and gather a crop | Farmers reap the rice in autumn. |
| reed ≠/ɹid/ | n. | a tall grass that grows near water | Reeds line the riverbank. |
| sow ⚠/saʊ/ | v. | to plant seeds in the groundตระกูลคำ: sowing | Farmers sow rice in June. |
| terrain ✓✓ter·rain/təˈɹeɪn/ | n. | land of a particular type, such as hills or rocksตระกูลคำ: terrains | The hikers moved slowly across the rocky terrain. |
| weir ⚠/wɪɹ/ | n. | a low wall built across a river to control the water | Fish gather below the weir. |
สัมพันธสาร13 คำ
| คำศัพท์ | ชนิดของคำ | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่างการใช้งาน |
|---|---|---|---|
| arguably ✓ar·gu·a·bly/ˈɑɹɡjuəbli/ | adv. | used to say something is probably true, although others may disagreeตระกูลคำ: argue, arguable, argument | This is arguably the best café in the whole city. |
| coupled ✓cou·pled/ˈkʌpəld/ | adj. | joined together with something elseตระกูลคำ: couple, couples, coupling | High prices, coupled with low wages, made life difficult. |
| irony ✓✓i·ro·ny/ˈaɪɹəni/ | n. | a situation that is odd because it is the opposite of what you expectตระกูลคำ: ironies, ironic, ironically | The irony was that the English teacher spelt the word wrong. |
| namely ✓name·ly/ˈneɪmli/ | adv. | used to say exactly who or what you meanตระกูลคำ: name | Only two subjects are compulsory, namely English and mathematics. |
| notably ✓no·ta·bly/ˈnoʊtəbli/ | adv. | used to point out the most important exampleตระกูลคำ: note, noted, notable | Sales rose in many regions, notably in the north. |
| principally ✓prin·ci·pal·ly/ˈpɹɪnsɪpli/ | adv. | mainly, or more than anything elseตระกูลคำ: principal | The course is principally for students who plan to teach. |
| reportedly ✓re·port·ed·ly/ɹɪˈpɔɹtədli/ | adv. | according to what people say, though not yet provedตระกูลคำ: report, reported, reports | The company is reportedly planning to open a new factory next year. |
| respectively ✓re·spec·tive·ly/ɹɪˈspɛktɪvli/ | adv. | in the same order as the things already mentionedตระกูลคำ: respect, respective | Class A and Class B scored 85 and 92 respectively. |
| seemingly ✓seem·ing·ly/ˈsimɪŋli/ | adv. | in a way that appears true but may not beตระกูลคำ: seem, seeming, seems, seemed | The seemingly simple question took the whole class an hour to answer. |
| solely ✓sole·ly/ˈsoʊlli/ | adv. | only, and not involving anyone or anything elseตระกูลคำ: sole | The decision was made solely by the head of the department. |
| thereby ✓✓there·by/ˌðɛɹˈbaɪ/ | adv. | as a result of the action just mentioned | She left early, thereby missing the last part of the lecture. |
| whatsoever ✓what·so·ev·er/ˌwʌtsoʊˈɛvɚ/ | adv. | used after nothing or no to mean at all | The manager gave no reason whatsoever for cancelling the meeting. |
| whereby ✓where·by/wɛɹˈbaɪ/ | adv. | by which something is done or made possible | The school has a system whereby students can borrow laptops for free. |
ร่างกาย12 คำ
| คำศัพท์ | ชนิดของคำ | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่างการใช้งาน |
|---|---|---|---|
| chronic ✓chron·ic/ˈkɹɑnɪk/ | adj. | lasting a long time and hard to cureตระกูลคำ: chronically | He has chronic back pain from sitting all day. |
| circulation ✓✓cir·cu·la·tion/ˈsɝkjəˌleɪʃən/ | n. | the movement of blood, air or goods around a systemตระกูลคำ: circulate, circulated, circulating, circulatory, circulations | Regular exercise improves the circulation of blood around your body. |
| clinical ✓✓clin·i·cal/ˈklɪnəkəl/ | adj. | relating to the treatment and study of real patientsตระกูลคำ: clinic, clinics, clinician, clinically | The new medicine passed its clinical trials last year. |
| diagnose ✓di·ag·nose/ˌdaɪəɡˈnoʊs/ | v. | to find out which illness or problem someone or something hasตระกูลคำ: diagnosis, diagnoses, diagnosed, diagnosing, diagnostic | The doctor diagnosed the illness after looking at the test results. |
| diagnosis ✓di·ag·no·sis/ˌdaɪəɡˈnoʊsəs/ | n. | a doctor's judgement of what illness a person hasตระกูลคำ: diagnose, diagnosed, diagnosing, diagnoses, diagnostic | The doctor ordered a blood test before giving a final diagnosis. |
| intake ✓in·take/ˈɪnˌteɪk/ | n. | the amount of food, drink or air taken into the bodyตระกูลคำ: intakes | Doctors advise reducing your daily intake of sugar and salt. |
| muscular ✓mus·cu·lar/ˈmʌskjəlɚ/ | adj. | having a strong body with well-developed musclesตระกูลคำ: muscle, muscles, muscularity | Years of swimming made him lean and muscular. |
| psychiatric ✓✓psy·chi·at·ric/ˌsaɪkiˈætɹɪk/ | adj. | relating to the medical treatment of mental illnessตระกูลคำ: psychiatry, psychiatrist | The hospital opened a new psychiatric ward for young patients last month. |
| renal ⚠re·nal/ˈɹinəl/ | adj. | relating to the kidneys | The clinic runs renal checks monthly. |
| serum ⚠se·rum/ˈsɪɹəm/ | n. | the clear liquid part of blood; a liquid skin product | The clinic tests the serum sample. |
| spine ✓/spaɪn/ | n. | the line of bones down the middle of the backตระกูลคำ: spinal | Sit tall and keep the spine straight. |
| surgical ✓sur·gi·cal/ˈsɝdʒɪkəl/ | adj. | connected with medical operationsตระกูลคำ: surgery, surgeon, surgically, surgeries | The nurse prepared the surgical instruments before the operation. |
ความรู้สึก10 คำ
| คำศัพท์ | ชนิดของคำ | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่างการใช้งาน |
|---|---|---|---|
| aggression ✓ag·gres·sion/əˈɡɹɛʃən/ | n. | angry, unfriendly behaviour that may lead to fightingตระกูลคำ: aggressive, aggressively, aggressor | The coach told the players to control their aggression on the field. |
| curse ≠/kɝs/ | n. | words said to wish harm on someoneตระกูลคำ: cursed | The story tells of an ancient curse. |
| distress ✓dis·tress/dɪˈstɹɛs/ | n. | great worry, sadness or painตระกูลคำ: distressed, distressing, distresses | The lost child was in obvious distress until her mother arrived. |
| frustrating ✓frus·trat·ing/ˈfɹʌˌstɹeɪtɪŋ/ | adj. | making you feel annoyed because you cannot succeedตระกูลคำ: frustrate, frustrated, frustration | It was frustrating to wait an hour for a bus that never came. |
| hostile ✓✓hos·tile/ˈhɑstəl/ | adj. | unfriendly and showing strong dislike or oppositionตระกูลคำ: hostility, hostilities | The audience became hostile when the speaker ignored their questions. |
| rant ⚠/ɹænt/ | v. | to speak angrily at length | He ranted about the delay. |
| reassure ✓✓re·as·sure/ˌɹiəˈʃʊɹ/ | v. | to make someone feel less worried about somethingตระกูลคำ: assure, assurance, reassurance, reassured, reassuring | The doctor reassured us that the cough was not serious. |
| sane ⚠/seɪn/ | adj. | having a healthy, reasonable mindตระกูลคำ: sanity | It was the only sane choice. |
| sentiment ✓✓sen·ti·ment/ˈsɛntəmənt/ | n. | a feeling or opinion about somethingตระกูลคำ: sentiments, sentimental, sentimentality | The survey shows growing sentiment against longer working hours. |
| troubled ✓trou·bled/ˈtɹʌbəld/ | adj. | worried, unhappy, or having many problemsตระกูลคำ: trouble, troubles, troubling, troublesome | The teacher spoke gently to the troubled student after class. |
เทคโนโลยี9 คำ
| คำศัพท์ | ชนิดของคำ | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่างการใช้งาน |
|---|---|---|---|
| activation ✓ac·ti·va·tion/ˌæktəˈveɪʃən/ | n. | the moment when something is switched on and starts to workตระกูลคำ: activate, activated, activating, active | Activation of your new phone card takes about ten minutes. |
| detection ✓de·tec·tion/dɪˈtɛkʃən/ | n. | the act of finding or noticing something that is hidden or hard to seeตระกูลคำ: detect, detected, detecting, detectable, detector, detective | The new software allows early detection of errors in the system. |
| dynamically ✓dy·nam·i·cal·ly/daɪˈnæmɪkli/ | adv. | in a way that changes or moves with a lot of energyตระกูลคำ: dynamic, dynamics | The website updates its prices dynamically as demand changes. |
| interface ✓in·ter·face/ˈɪntɚˌfeɪs/ | n. | the screen and controls a person uses to work with a computer programตระกูลคำ: interfaces, interfaced, interfacing | The app's new interface is simple enough for older users. |
| magnetic ✓✓mag·net·ic/mæɡˈnɛtɪk/ | adj. | able to pull iron or steel objects towards itselfตระกูลคำ: magnet, magnets, magnetism, magnetically | Some rocks are naturally magnetic and can pull small nails towards them. |
| meta ⚠me·ta/ˈmɛtə/ | adj. | about or referring to itself | A word list about word lists is meta. |
| optical ✓op·ti·cal/ˈɑptɪkəl/ | adj. | connected with light, sight or the eyesตระกูลคำ: optic, optics, optically, optician | The new optical cable carries internet data as pulses of light. |
| simulate ✓sim·u·late/ˈsɪmjəˌleɪt/ | v. | to copy the conditions of a real situation, often with a computerตระกูลคำ: simulation, simulator, simulated, simulates, simulating | The program simulates how traffic moves through the city centre. |
| spam ✓/spæm/ | n. | unwanted advertising email | The reply went to the spam folder. |
เงิน7 คำ
| คำศัพท์ | ชนิดของคำ | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่างการใช้งาน |
|---|---|---|---|
| allocation ✓al·lo·ca·tion/ˌæləˈkeɪʃən/ | n. | an amount of money, time or space given for a particular purposeตระกูลคำ: allocate, allocated, allocating, allocations | Each department received its budget allocation at the start of the year. |
| buck ✓/bʌk/ | n. | a dollar, in informal speechตระกูลคำ: bucks | The sandwich cost me five bucks at the airport. |
| chit ⚠/tʃɪt/ | n. | a short official note, especially one showing money owed | Sign the chit for the extra copies. |
| commercially ✓com·mer·cial·ly/kəˈmɝʃəli/ | adv. | in a way connected with buying and selling for profitตระกูลคำ: commerce, commercial, commercialise | The new app was commercially successful within its first year. |
| expenditure ✓ex·pen·di·ture/ɪkˈspɛndətʃɚ/ | n. | the total amount of money that is spent on somethingตระกูลคำ: expend, expense, expenses, expenditures | The university reduced its expenditure on paper by moving forms online. |
| fundraising ✓fund·rais·ing/ˈfʌnˌdɹeɪsɪŋ/ | n. | the activity of collecting money for a charity, school or causeตระกูลคำ: fundraise, fundraiser, fundraisers, fund | The students organised a fundraising concert to help the local hospital. |
| tout ⚠/taʊt/ | v. | to praise or advertise something stronglyตระกูลคำ: touted | Posters tout the new night market. |
เวลา7 คำ
| คำศัพท์ | ชนิดของคำ | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่างการใช้งาน |
|---|---|---|---|
| aftermath ✓af·ter·math/ˈæftɚˌmæθ/ | n. | the situation that exists after a bad event | In the aftermath of the flood, many roads were closed for weeks. |
| consecutive ✓con·sec·u·tive/kənˈsɛkjətɪv/ | adj. | coming one after another without a breakตระกูลคำ: consecutively | It rained for five consecutive days during the holiday. |
| expire ✓✓ex·pire/ɪkˈspaɪɹ/ | v. | to come to the end of the period when it can be usedตระกูลคำ: expiry, expiration, expired, expires, expiring | My passport expires next month, so I need a new one. |
| imminent ✓im·mi·nent/ˈɪmənənt/ | adj. | going to happen very soonตระกูลคำ: imminently, imminence | With the deadline imminent, the team worked late every night. |
| interim ✓in·ter·im/ˈɪntɚəm/ | adj. | lasting only until something permanent is arranged | An interim manager will run the office until the new one arrives. |
| meantime ✓mean·time/ˈminˌtaɪm/ | n. | the period between now and a later event | The results arrive next week; in the meantime, keep practising. |
| presently ✓pres·ent·ly/ˈpɹɛzəntli/ | adv. | at this time, in formal or written Englishตระกูลคำ: present | The office is presently closed for repairs, so please email us. |
เมือง6 คำ
| คำศัพท์ | ชนิดของคำ | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่างการใช้งาน |
|---|---|---|---|
| landmark ✓land·mark/ˈlændˌmɑɹk/ | n. | a famous building or place that helps people find their wayตระกูลคำ: landmarks | The clock tower is the best-known landmark in our town. |
| marketplace ✓mar·ket·place/ˈmɑɹkətˌpleɪs/ | n. | an open area in a town where people buy and sell goodsตระกูลคำ: market, marketplaces | Farmers sell fresh vegetables at the marketplace every Sunday morning. |
| municipal ✓mu·nic·i·pal/mjuˈnɪsəpəl/ | adj. | belonging to a town or city and its local governmentตระกูลคำ: municipality, municipally | The municipal library is open until eight every evening. |
| riot ✓ri·ot/ˈɹaɪət/ | n. | violent public disorder by a crowd | The report described a riot. |
| suburban ✓✓sub·ur·ban/səbˈɝbən/ | adj. | relating to an area of houses just outside a city centreตระกูลคำ: suburb, suburbs, urban | They moved from a busy city flat to a quiet suburban house. |
| tar ⚠/tɑɹ/ | n. | a thick black substance used on roads | The tar softened in the heat. |
การเดินทาง6 คำ
| คำศัพท์ | ชนิดของคำ | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่างการใช้งาน |
|---|---|---|---|
| bypass ✓by·pass/ˈbaɪˌpæs/ | v. | to avoid a place or a step by going around itตระกูลคำ: bypassed, bypasses, bypassing | The new road lets drivers bypass the busy town centre. |
| collision ✓col·li·sion/kəˈlɪʒən/ | n. | an accident in which two moving things hit each other hardตระกูลคำ: collide, collided, collisions | The collision between the two buses blocked the road for hours. |
| descent ✓✓de·scent/dɪˈsɛnt/ | n. | a movement from a higher place to a lower oneตระกูลคำ: descend, descended, descending, descents | The plane began its descent into the airport as the sun set. |
| mainland ✓main·land/ˈmeɪnˌlænd/ | n. | the main part of a country, not its islandsตระกูลคำ: mainlands, mainlander | A ferry links the island to the mainland twice a day. |
| oar ⚠/ɔɹ/ | n. | a pole with a flat end used to row a boat | He lost an oar in the current. |
| transit ✓✓tran·sit/ˈtɹænzɪt/ | n. | the movement of people or goods from one place to another | The parcel was damaged while it was in transit. |
ชีวิตประจำวัน4 คำ
| คำศัพท์ | ชนิดของคำ | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่างการใช้งาน |
|---|---|---|---|
| cape ⚠/keɪp/ | n. | a loose piece of clothing over the shoulders | The statue wears a stone cape. |
| opus ⚠o·pus/ˈoʊpəs/ | n. | a piece of music by a composer, given a number | The choir learned an early opus. |
| seam ⚠/sim/ | n. | the line where two pieces of cloth are joined | The seam of the robe split. |
| tees ⚠/tiz/ | n. | small stands that hold a golf ballตระกูลคำ: tee | He bought a pack of tees. |
อาหาร4 คำ
| คำศัพท์ | ชนิดของคำ | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่างการใช้งาน |
|---|---|---|---|
| cater ✓ca·ter/ˈkeɪtɚ/ | v. | to provide food and drink for an eventตระกูลคำ: catering, caterer, caterers, catered, caters | A local restaurant catered the lunch at the conference. |
| creamy ✓cream·y/ˈkɹimi/ | adj. | smooth and thick, like fresh milkตระกูลคำ: cream, creamier, creaminess | The mushroom soup was thick, rich and creamy. |
| dine ⚠/daɪn/ | v. | to eat dinner, especially formallyตระกูลคำ: dinner, dining | They dined at the hotel. |
| feeding ✓feed·ing/ˈfidɪŋ/ | n. | the act of giving food to a person or animalตระกูลคำ: feed, fed, feeds, feedings | The zoo keeper starts the morning feeding of the elephants at eight. |
บ้าน4 คำ
| คำศัพท์ | ชนิดของคำ | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่างการใช้งาน |
|---|---|---|---|
| fixture ✓✓fix·ture/ˈfɪkstʃɚ/ | n. | a piece of equipment attached to a building and left there permanentlyตระกูลคำ: fix, fixed, fixtures | The bathroom fixtures, including the sink and the lights, are all new. |
| reside ✓re·side/ɹɪˈzaɪd/ | v. | to live in a particular placeตระกูลคำ: residence, resident, residential, resided, resides, residing | Her family has resided in Chiang Mai for over twenty years. |
| rim ≠/ɹɪm/ | n. | the outer edge of something round | Wipe the rim of the cup. |
| suite ✓/swit/ | n. | a set of connected rooms | The hotel suite has two rooms. |
สิ่งแวดล้อม3 คำ
| คำศัพท์ | ชนิดของคำ | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่างการใช้งาน |
|---|---|---|---|
| atmospheric ✓at·mo·spher·ic/ˌætməˈsfɛɹɪk/ | adj. | relating to the air around the Earthตระกูลคำ: atmosphere, atmospheres, atmospherics | Scientists measured atmospheric pressure at the top of the mountain. |
| conserve ✓✓con·serve/kənˈsɝv/ | v. | to protect something from harm or waste so it lastsตระกูลคำ: conservation, conserved, conserves, conserving | Turning off unused lights helps conserve energy at home. |
| dispose ✓dis·pose/dɪˈspoʊz/ | v. | to get rid of something you no longer wantตระกูลคำ: disposal, disposable, disposed, disposes, disposing | Please dispose of old batteries at the collection point downstairs. |
อากาศ1 คำ
| คำศัพท์ | ชนิดของคำ | ความหมาย | ตัวอย่างการใช้งาน |
|---|---|---|---|
| arid ⚠ar·id/ˈæɹəd/ | adj. | very dry, with little rainตระกูลคำ: aridity | Arid land needs careful irrigation. |
ฝึกคำศัพท์เหล่านี้
โจทย์สลับอักษร 6 ข้อที่คัดจากรายการข้างต้น แต่ละข้อจะเปิดในเครื่องมือเรียงตัวอักษรโดยมีชุดตัวอักษรกรอกไว้ให้แล้ว จึงสามารถลองคิดคำตอบในใจก่อน แล้วจึงตรวจสอบ
หากต้องการฝึกชุดคำศัพท์ที่เลือกด้วยตนเอง ให้วางคำศัพท์ของคุณลงในเครื่องมือสร้างใบงาน แล้วพิมพ์ใบงานพร้อมเฉลย หากคุณเป็นครูผู้สอน คลังใบงานมีใบงานสำเร็จรูปพร้อมขั้นตอนการจัดกิจกรรมในชั้นเรียนแนบไว้ให้
ข้อแนะนำการเรียนระดับ C1
ในระดับ C1 ประเด็นสำคัญมิใช่คำถามที่ว่าคำนี้มีความหมายว่าอย่างไร หากแต่เป็นคำถามที่ว่าคำนี้เหมาะแก่บริบทใด คำสองคำอาจมีความหมายเดียวกันแต่ใช้แทนกันมิได้ คำหนึ่งเหมาะแก่รายงานทางวิชาการ อีกคำหนึ่งเหมาะแก่การสนทนา เมื่อพบคำใหม่ในหน้านี้ ขอให้อ่านตัวอย่างการใช้งานก่อน แล้วพิจารณาว่าตัวอย่างนั้นมาจากงานเขียนประเภทใด
การเรียงตัวอักษรมิใช่เครื่องมือหลักสำหรับระดับนี้อีกต่อไป การเรียงตัวอักษรฝึกการจดจำรูปคำที่เขียน ซึ่งผู้เรียนระดับ C1 ทำได้อย่างคล่องแคล่วอยู่แล้ว ขอแนะนำให้ใช้เครื่องมือสร้างใบงานในรูปแบบที่มีความหมายกำกับ ซึ่งผู้เรียนต้องระลึกว่าคำใดมีความหมายตามที่กำหนด และใช้รายการฝึกสำหรับการทบทวนตามช่วงเวลา
ชุดคำศัพท์สำหรับผู้เรียนมีคำศัพท์ระดับ C2 จำนวน 28 คำ จึงยังมิได้เผยแพร่เป็นรายการคำศัพท์ การนำเสนอคำศัพท์จำนวนเพียงเท่านี้ในฐานะรายการประจำระดับย่อมให้ภาพที่คลาดเคลื่อนเกี่ยวกับระดับดังกล่าว
ขั้นต่อไป
เว็บไซต์นี้ยังไม่มีรายการคำศัพท์ระดับ C2 โปรดดูเหตุผลในข้อแนะนำการเรียนข้างต้น
ระดับทั้งหกอธิบายไว้ที่หน้าคำศัพท์ตามระดับ ส่วนเครื่องมือเรียงตัวอักษรแสดงระดับกำกับไว้ในคำศัพท์ทุกคำของชุดคำศัพท์สำหรับผู้เรียน ดังนั้นเมื่อค้นหาคำศัพท์ในชุดคำศัพท์สำหรับผู้เรียนคำใด ก็ทราบได้คร่าว ๆ ว่าคำศัพท์นั้นยากเพียงใด ครูผู้สอนที่ต้องการเทียบระดับเหล่านี้กับหลักสูตรระดับชาติ อาจดูได้ที่การเทียบระดับกับหลักสูตรแกนกลาง
แหล่งอ้างอิง: ความหมายเขียนขึ้นสำหรับผู้เรียน มิได้ดัดแปลงจากพจนานุกรมเล่มใดเล่มหนึ่ง และตรวจทานกับพจนานุกรมสำหรับผู้เรียนที่เป็นที่ยอมรับ ระดับ CEFR ผ่านการตรวจสอบอ้างอิงกับ CEFR-J Wordlist v1.5 (© Tono Laboratory, TUFS) เกณฑ์ระดับ Oxford 3000/5000 และสำหรับระดับ C1–C2 ใช้ Octanove Vocabulary Profile (CC BY-SA 4.0) โดยแต่ละระดับมีเครื่องหมายแสดงหลักฐานกำกับหนึ่งในห้าแบบ (✓✓ ✓ ≠ ✓* ⚠) สัทอักษรอ้างอิงจาก CMU Pronouncing Dictionary (Copyright © 1993–2015 Carnegie Mellon University) สำเนียง General American ระเบียบวิธีฉบับเต็ม จำนวนคำศัพท์ที่แน่นอน และบันทึกการแก้ไข ดูได้ที่หน้าระเบียบวิธีและแหล่งข้อมูล (ภาษาอังกฤษ) ตรวจสอบล่าสุด: 24 สิงหาคม 2569