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C1 vocabulary
Words for academic, professional and precise language use — where the word you choose says how formal you are being.
What this list covers
At C1 the useful question is less what does this word mean than where does it belong: many C1 words have a plainer neighbour, and choosing the more formal one carries information about the register, not only the meaning.
These 426 words are the site's C1 entries — the smallest of the published lists, because the collection was built from the bottom up. Every entry carries the same data as the other levels: meaning, part of speech, syllable break, pronunciation, example and family, with an evidence mark for its level.
Level evidence (details)
Level evidence (references compared 10 September 2026; levels only — definitions and examples are under editorial review): ✓✓ 80 · ✓ 267 · ≠ 20 · ✓* 0 · ⚠ 59. What the marks mean →
The word list
Grouped by topic, then alphabetically. Search finds a word in this level; on a phone, More opens the syllable break, pronunciation, word family and level evidence.
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- society66
- describing63
- abstract44
- work39
- actions31
- academic24
- buddhism23
- school19
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- nature14
- discourse13
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- feelings10
- tech9
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Showing 426 of 426 entriesSearches this level only.
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society66 words
| Word | Part of speech | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| accusedn. ✓ac·cused/əˈkjuzd/ | n. | the person who is on trial for a crime in a courtfamily: accuse, accusationLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The accused stood quietly while the judge read the decision. |
| activistn. ✓ac·tiv·ist/ˈæktəvəst/ | n. | a person who works hard to bring about social changefamily: act, action, active, activism, activistsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The activist gave a talk about protecting the river from pollution. |
| allegev. ✓✓al·lege/əˈlɛdʒ/ | v. | to say that someone did something wrong without giving prooffamily: allegation, alleged, allegedly, alleges, allegingLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The report alleges that the company copied its rival's design. |
| allegedlyadv. ✓al·leg·ed·ly/əˈlɛdʒədli/ | adv. | said to be true, although it has not been provedfamily: allege, alleged, allegationLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The company allegedly copied designs from a smaller rival. |
| amendv. ✓a·mend/əˈmɛnd/ | v. | to make small changes to a law or document to improve itfamily: amendment, amendments, amended, amending, amendsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The committee amended the rules to allow online meetings. |
| amendmentn. ✓a·mend·ment/əˈmɛndmənt/ | n. | a small change made to a law or an official documentfamily: amend, amended, amending, amendmentsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The committee made an amendment to the club rules last week. |
| breachn. ✓/bɹitʃ/ | n. | an act of breaking a rule, law or agreementfamily: breaches, breached, breachingLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Sharing the exam questions was a serious breach of the rules. |
| capitalismn. ✓cap·i·tal·ism/ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm/ | n. | an economic system in which businesses are owned by private people, not the statefamily: capital, capitalist, capitalists, capitalisticLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The course compares capitalism with other ways of organising an economy. |
| capitalistadj. ✓cap·i·tal·ist/ˈkæpətəlɪst/ | adj. | relating to an economic system in which businesses are owned by private peoplefamily: capital, capitalism, capitalists, capitalisticLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Most capitalist countries allow companies to set their own prices. |
| casualtyn. ✓ca·su·al·ty/ˈkæʒəwəlti/ | n. | a person who is hurt or killed in an accidentfamily: casualtiesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Rescue teams took the casualties to the nearest hospital. |
| chambern. ✓cham·ber/ˈtʃeɪmbɚ/ | n. | a large room used for a special purpose, such as making lawsfamily: chambersLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The council meets in a wood-panelled chamber in the old town hall. |
| civicadj. ✓civ·ic/ˈsɪvɪk/ | adj. | relating to a town or city and the people who live therefamily: civicsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The new civic centre offers free classes for local residents. |
| civiliann. ✓ci·vil·ian/səˈvɪljən/ | n. | a person who is not a member of the army or policefamily: civil, civiliansLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | After ten years as a soldier, he returned to life as a civilian. |
| collectiveadj. ✓col·lec·tive/kəˈlɛktɪv/ | adj. | shared or done together by all the members of a groupfamily: collect, collection, collector, collectivelyLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Winning the prize was a collective effort by the whole team. |
| combatn. ✓com·bat/ˈkɑmbæt/ | n. | fighting, especially between soldiers during a warfamily: combats, combatant, combativeLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Modern pilots train for months before their first combat mission. |
| commentaryn. ✓com·men·tar·y/ˈkɑmənˌtɛɹi/ | n. | a spoken description of an event as it happens, especially on televisionfamily: comment, commentaries, commentatorLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | We listened to the radio commentary during the football match. |
| commissionern. ✓com·mis·sion·er/kəˈmɪʃənɚ/ | n. | an official who is in charge of a government department or public servicefamily: commission, commissioned, commissions, commissionersLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The police commissioner spoke to reporters about road safety. |
| communistadj. ✓com·mu·nist/ˈkɑmjənəst/ | adj. | relating to a political system in which the state owns all propertyfamily: communism, communistsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The museum shows daily life during the communist period of that country. |
| compliancen. ✓✓com·pli·ance/kəmˈplaɪəns/ | n. | the practice of obeying rules, laws or requestsfamily: comply, compliant, complied, complies, complyingLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The factory was checked for compliance with the new safety rules. |
| compliantadj. ✓com·pli·ant/kəmˈplaɪənt/ | adj. | following the rules or requirementsfamily: comply, compliance, complied, complies, complyingLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | All new buildings must be compliant with the fire safety code. |
| complyv. ✓✓com·ply/kəmˈplaɪ/ | v. | to do what a rule, law or request saysfamily: compliance, compliant, complied, complies, complyingLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | All visitors must comply with the laboratory safety rules. |
| conformv. ✓con·form/kənˈfɔɹm/ | v. | to behave in the way that rules or most people expectfamily: conformity, conformed, conforming, conforms, conformistLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Students who refuse to conform to the dress code are sent home. |
| constituencyn. ✓con·stit·u·en·cy/kənˈstɪtʃuənsi/ | n. | an area whose voters choose one member of parliamentfamily: constituent, constituents, constituenciesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The candidate visited every town in her constituency before the election. |
| coupn. ✓/ku/ | n. | a sudden illegal taking of power from a government, often by the armyfamily: coupsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The history lecture explained how the coup changed the country's government. |
| cultn. ✓/kʌlt/ | n. | a small religious group whose beliefs and leader are seen as extremefamily: cults, cultish, cultist, cultistsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The documentary explained how young people were persuaded to join the cult. |
| custodyn. ✓cus·to·dy/ˈkʌstədi/ | n. | the legal right and duty to care for a childfamily: custodial, custodianLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The court decided which parent would have custody of the children. |
| customaryadj. ✓cus·tom·ar·y/ˈkʌstəˌmɛɹi/ | adj. | usual, and done the same way by most peoplefamily: custom, customs, customarilyLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | It is customary to remove your shoes before entering a Thai home. |
| debutn. ✓✓de·but/deɪˈbju/ | n. | the first public appearance of a performer, player or productfamily: debuts, debuted, debutingLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The young singer made her debut at a small concert in Chiang Mai. |
| delegationn. ✓del·e·ga·tion/ˌdɛləˈɡeɪʃən/ | n. | a group of people chosen to represent others at an official eventfamily: delegate, delegates, delegationsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | A delegation from the ministry visited our campus to discuss the new programme. |
| detentionn. ✓de·ten·tion/dɪˈtɛnʃən/ | n. | the act of keeping someone in a place and not letting them leavefamily: detain, detained, detaining, detentionsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The student had to stay for detention after school for missing homework. |
| disclosuren. ✓dis·clo·sure/dɪsˈkloʊʒɚ/ | n. | the act of telling people facts that were secretfamily: disclose, disclosed, disclosuresLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The company delayed the disclosure of its financial problems for months. |
| electoraladj. ✓e·lec·tor·al/ɪˈlɛktɚəl/ | adj. | connected with choosing leaders by votingfamily: elect, election, elector, electorate, elected, electorallyLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The student council follows a simple electoral process each year. |
| empowerv. ✓em·pow·er/ɪmˈpaʊɚ/ | v. | to give someone the ability or confidence to make their own decisionsfamily: empowered, empowering, empowerment, empowersLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Good training empowers new staff to solve problems by themselves. |
| endorsementn. ✓✓en·dorse·ment/ɛnˈdɔɹsmənt/ | n. | public support for a person, product or ideafamily: endorse, endorsed, endorsementsLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The product gained sales after an endorsement from a famous athlete. |
| enforcementn. ✓en·force·ment/ɛnˈfɔɹsmənt/ | n. | the action of making people obey a law or rulefamily: enforce, enforced, enforces, enforcing, enforceable, enforcerLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Strict enforcement of the speed limit has made the road safer. |
| exploitationn. ✓✓ex·ploi·ta·tion/ˌɛksplɔɪˈteɪʃən/ | n. | the unfair use of people or things for your own benefitfamily: exploit, exploited, exploiting, exploitative, exploitsLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The report describes the exploitation of workers in some factories. |
| factionn. ✓✓fac·tion/ˈfækʃən/ | n. | a small group inside a larger one that has different ideasfamily: factions, factionalLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | A faction within the committee wanted to delay the vote. |
| feministadj. ✓fem·i·nist/ˈfɛmənɪst/ | adj. | supporting equal rights and chances for womenfamily: feminism, feministsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Her essay takes a feminist view of women's roles in modern workplaces. |
| footagen. ✓foot·age/ˈfʊtɪdʒ/ | n. | film or video of a particular event or placefamily: footLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The news showed footage of the flooded streets after the storm. |
| forensicadj. ✓fo·ren·sic/fəˈɹɛnsɪk/ | adj. | using science to find facts about a crimefamily: forensics, forensicallyLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | A forensic team examined the broken window for fingerprints. |
| forgev. ✓/fɔɹdʒ/ | v. | to make an illegal copy of something to trick peoplefamily: forgery, forger, forged, forging, forgesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Someone forged the manager's signature on the payment form. |
| governancen. ✓gov·er·nance/ˈɡʌvɚnəns/ | n. | the way an organisation or country is controlled and managedfamily: govern, governed, governing, government, governor, governmentalLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The university improved its governance by publishing all board decisions. |
| harassmentn. ✓✓ha·rass·ment/həˈɹæsmənt/ | n. | behaviour that annoys, threatens or upsets someone again and againfamily: harass, harassed, harassingLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The company has a clear policy against harassment at work. |
| homelandn. ✓home·land/ˈhoʊmˌlænd/ | n. | the country where a person was born or belongsfamily: home, land, homelandsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | After ten years abroad, she returned to her homeland to teach. |
| hostagen. ✓hos·tage/ˈhɑstɪdʒ/ | n. | a person held by force until others do what is demandedfamily: hostagesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The police talked for hours until every hostage was released. |
| humanitarianadj. ✓hu·man·i·tar·i·an/hjuˌmænəˈtɛɹiən/ | adj. | concerned with helping people who are sufferingfamily: humanity, humane, humanitarianismLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Volunteers delivered humanitarian aid to families after the floods. |
| inclusionn. ✓✓in·clu·sion/ɪnˈkluʒən/ | n. | the act of making someone or something part of a group or activityfamily: include, included, includes, including, inclusive, inclusionsLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The school promotes the inclusion of students with disabilities in every class. |
| inclusiveadj. ✓in·clu·sive/ɪnˈklusɪv/ | adj. | welcoming and open to people of every kindfamily: include, included, including, inclusion, inclusively, inclusivityLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The university wants its clubs to be inclusive of all students. |
| indictmentn. ✓in·dict·ment/ɪnˈdaɪtmənt/ | n. | an official statement saying that someone is accused of a serious crimefamily: indict, indicted, indictmentsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The court issued an indictment against the company's former director. |
| indigenousadj. ✓in·dig·e·nous/ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs/ | adj. | living or growing naturally in a place, not brought from outsideLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Several indigenous languages are still spoken in the mountain villages. |
| injusticen. ✓✓in·jus·tice/ɪnˈdʒʌstɪs/ | n. | a situation that is unfair and wrongfamily: injustices, justice, unjustLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The students wrote a letter about the injustice of the new rule. |
| interventionn. ✓in·ter·ven·tion/ˌɪntɚˈvɛnʃən/ | n. | action taken to stop or change a problem or situationfamily: intervene, intervened, intervenes, intervening, interventionsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Early intervention helped the struggling student catch up with the class. |
| judicialadj. ✓ju·di·cial/dʒuˈdɪʃəl/ | adj. | connected with courts of law and judgesfamily: judge, judiciary, judiciallyLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The judicial system takes months to decide some cases. |
| jurisdictionn. ✓✓ju·ris·dic·tion/ˌdʒʊɹəsˈdɪkʃən/ | n. | the legal power of a court or official to make decisionsfamily: jurisdictions, jurisdictionalLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The local court has no jurisdiction over cases from other provinces. |
| liableadj. ✓li·a·ble/ˈlaɪəbəl/ | adj. | legally responsible for something, especially for payingfamily: liability, liabilitiesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Tenants are liable for any damage to the flat. |
| magistraten. ✓mag·is·trate/ˈmædʒəˌstɹeɪt/ | n. | a judge in a local court who deals with less serious casesfamily: magistratesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The magistrate ordered the driver to pay a small fine. |
| mainstreamn. ✓main·stream/ˈmeɪnˌstɹim/ | n. | the ideas and ways of living that most people accept as normalfamily: mainstreamed, mainstreamingLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Electric cars have moved from a rare idea into the mainstream. |
| mandatoryadj. ✓man·da·to·ry/ˈmændəˌtɔɹi/ | adj. | required by a rule or law, not optionalfamily: mandateLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Attendance at the safety briefing is mandatory for all new staff. |
| ministryn. ✓min·is·try/ˈmɪnəstɹi/ | n. | a government department led by a senior politicianfamily: minister, ministers, ministerial, ministriesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The Ministry of Education announced new rules for schools. |
| nominatev. ✓nom·i·nate/ˈnɑməˌneɪt/ | v. | to formally suggest someone for a job, prize or positionfamily: nomination, nominee, nominated, nominating, nominatorLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Each class may nominate one student for the award. |
| obligev. ✓✓o·blige/əˈblaɪdʒ/ | v. | to make someone do something because it is a rule or dutyfamily: obligation, obligatory, obliged, obliges, obligingLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The new law obliges shops to recycle their plastic bags. |
| privilegedadj. ✓priv·i·leged/ˈpɹɪvlədʒd/ | adj. | having special advantages that most people do not havefamily: privilege, privilegesLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Only a privileged few could afford university a century ago. |
| provincialadj. ≠pro·vin·cial/pɹəˈvɪnʃəl/ | adj. | relating to the parts of a country outside the capital cityfamily: province, provinces, provinciallyLevel evidence: References disagree — Octanove places it at C2; Oxford 3000/5000 agrees with the level shown | Many provincial schools now offer online lessons with city teachers. |
| restorationn. ✓✓res·to·ra·tion/ˌɹɛstəˈɹeɪʃən/ | n. | the work of returning an old building or object to good conditionfamily: restore, restored, restorationsLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The restoration of the temple took three years to complete. |
| socialistadj. ✓so·cial·ist/ˈsoʊʃələst/ | adj. | supporting the idea that the state should own and share wealthfamily: socialism, social, socialists, socialisticLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The lecture compared socialist and market economies in the twentieth century. |
| tribaladj. ✓trib·al/ˈtɹaɪbəl/ | adj. | connected with a group of people who share the same customs and languagefamily: tribe, tribes, tribalism, triballyLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The museum displays tribal masks from several regions. |
describing63 words
| Word | Part of speech | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| accustomedadj. ✓ac·cus·tomed/əˈkʌstəmd/ | adj. | familiar with something because you have done it oftenfamily: accustomLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | She soon became accustomed to waking up at five. |
| adjacentadj. ✓ad·ja·cent/əˈdʒeɪsənt/ | adj. | next to or very close to something elsefamily: adjacentlyLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The library is adjacent to the main lecture hall. |
| aestheticadj. ✓✓aes·thet·ic/ɛsˈθɛtɪk/ | adj. | connected with beauty and the way things lookfamily: aesthetics, aestheticallyLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The new library was designed for aesthetic reasons as well as practical ones. |
| akinadj. ⚠a·kin/əˈkɪn/ | adj. | similar to; a formal word used with toLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | Chanting is akin to slow singing. |
| appealingadj. ✓ap·peal·ing/əˈpilɪŋ/ | adj. | attractive and interesting, so that you like or want itfamily: appeal, appealingly, unappealingLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The idea of a week by the sea sounded very appealing. |
| arbitraryadj. ✓ar·bi·trar·y/ˈɑɹbəˌtɹɛɹi/ | adj. | decided by chance or personal choice, not by any reason or rulefamily: arbitrarily, arbitrarinessLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The order of the names on the list is completely arbitrary. |
| authenticadj. ✓au·then·tic/əˈθɛntɪk/ | adj. | real and true, not a copyfamily: authenticity, authentically, authenticateLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | This restaurant serves authentic Thai food cooked by a local chef. |
| brutaladj. ✓bru·tal/ˈbɹutəl/ | adj. | extremely cruel or harshfamily: brute, brutality, brutally, brutalise, brutalismLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The critics gave the new film a brutal review. |
| candidadj. ✓can·did/ˈkændəd/ | adj. | honest and direct, even when the truth is uncomfortablefamily: candidly, candidness, candourLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Her candid feedback helped me improve the essay. |
| cladadj. ⚠/klæd/ | adj. | covered or dressed, a literary wordLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | The hills stood clad in mist. |
| classyadj. ✓class·y/ˈklæsi/ | adj. | stylish and of high qualityfamily: class, classier, classinessLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | They chose a classy restaurant for the farewell dinner. |
| comparableadj. ✓com·pa·ra·ble/ˈkɑmpɚəbəl/ | adj. | similar in size, amount or quality to something elsefamily: compare, comparison, comparably, comparative, comparedLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The two universities offer comparable courses, but the fees are very different. |
| compellingadj. ✓com·pel·ling/kəmˈpɛlɪŋ/ | adj. | so interesting or persuasive that you cannot ignore itfamily: compel, compelled, compellinglyLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | She gave a compelling reason for changing the exam date. |
| compromisedadj. ✓com·pro·mised/ˈkɑmpɹəˌmaɪzd/ | adj. | made weaker or less safe than beforefamily: compromise, compromises, compromisingLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The patient's immune system was compromised after the illness. |
| credibleadj. ✓✓cred·i·ble/ˈkɹɛdəbəl/ | adj. | able to be believed or trustedfamily: credibility, credibly, incredibleLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The report gives credible evidence from several independent studies. |
| crudeadj. ✓✓/kɹud/ | adj. | made or done in a simple, rough way without much skillfamily: crudely, crudeness, cruder, crudestLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | He drew a crude map on a napkin to show us the way. |
| damagingadj. ✓dam·ag·ing/ˈdæmɪdʒɪŋ/ | adj. | causing harm to something or someonefamily: damage, damaged, damagesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Too much sun can be damaging to your skin. |
| defensiveadj. ✓de·fen·sive/dɪˈfɛnsɪv/ | adj. | meant to protect against attack or criticismfamily: defence, defend, defensivelyLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The coach chose a defensive plan to stop the other team scoring. |
| direadj. ⚠/daɪɹ/ | adj. | extremely serious or urgentLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | The village was in dire need of water. |
| distinctiveadj. ✓dis·tinc·tive/dɪˈstɪŋktɪv/ | adj. | having a special quality that makes something easy to recognisefamily: distinct, distinctively, distinctionLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The singer has a distinctive voice that listeners recognise immediately. |
| disturbingadj. ✓dis·turb·ing/dɪˈstɝbɪŋ/ | adj. | making you feel worried or upsetfamily: disturb, disturbance, disturbed, disturbinglyLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The report contains some disturbing facts about pollution in the river. |
| dualadj. ✓du·al/ˈduəl/ | adj. | having two parts or purposesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The hall has a dual use: sport and exams. |
| engagingadj. ✓en·gag·ing/ɛnˈɡeɪdʒɪŋ/ | adj. | pleasant and interesting in a way that holds your attentionfamily: engage, engagement, engaged, engaginglyLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The lecture was so engaging that nobody looked at their phone. |
| explicitadj. ✓ex·plic·it/ɪkˈsplɪsət/ | adj. | said or shown clearly, leaving nothing to guessfamily: explicitly, explicitnessLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The teacher gave explicit instructions about how to format the essay. |
| explicitlyadv. ✓ex·plic·it·ly/ɪkˈsplɪsətli/ | adv. | in a clear and direct way, leaving nothing hiddenfamily: explicit, explicitnessLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The teacher explicitly told us to bring a calculator. |
| flawedadj. ✓/flɔd/ | adj. | having a mistake or weakness that spoils itfamily: flaw, flaws, flawlessLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The study's conclusion was flawed because the sample was too small. |
| fragileadj. ✓frag·ile/ˈfɹædʒəl/ | adj. | easily broken or damagedfamily: fragilityLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Please pack the glasses carefully because they are fragile. |
| genericadj. ✓ge·ner·ic/dʒəˈnɛɹɪk/ | adj. | shared by a whole group rather than one particular memberfamily: genericallyLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The course teaches generic study skills that are useful in any subject. |
| halfwayadv. ✓half·way/ˌhæfˈweɪ/ | adv. | at the middle point between two places or timesfamily: halfLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | We stopped for lunch halfway through the long drive north. |
| immenseadj. ✓✓im·mense/ɪˈmɛns/ | adj. | extremely large or great in size, amount or degreefamily: immensely, immensityLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | Building the new library required an immense amount of planning. |
| inclinedadj. ✓in·clined/ɪnˈklaɪnd/ | adj. | likely to do or feel somethingfamily: incline, inclinationLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | After a long day, I am inclined to skip the gym. |
| infamousadj. ✓in·fa·mous/ˈɪnfəməs/ | adj. | well known for something badfamily: infamy, infamouslyLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The road is infamous for its heavy traffic every morning. |
| inherentadj. ✓✓in·her·ent/ɪnˈhɪɹənt/ | adj. | existing as a natural and permanent part of somethingfamily: inherentlyLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | There is an inherent risk in every new business idea. |
| insightfuladj. ✓in·sight·ful/ˈɪnˌsaɪtfəl/ | adj. | showing a clear and deep understanding of somethingfamily: insight, insightfullyLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Her insightful comments helped us see the problem differently. |
| instrumentaladj. ✓in·stru·men·tal/ˌɪnstɹəˈmɛntəl/ | adj. | playing an important part in making something happenfamily: instrument, instrumentsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The head teacher was instrumental in starting the reading club. |
| intactadj. ✓in·tact/ɪnˈtækt/ | adj. | not damaged, with every part still completefamily: intactnessLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The old vase survived the house move completely intact. |
| integraladj. ✓✓in·te·gral/ˈɪntəɡɹəl/ | adj. | necessary to make something whole or completefamily: integrate, integration, integrallyLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | Group discussion is an integral part of the seminar each week. |
| integratedadj. ✓in·te·grat·ed/ˈɪntəˌɡɹeɪtəd/ | adj. | combined so that the different parts work together as onefamily: integrate, integration, integrating, integratesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The city has an integrated transport system linking buses and trains. |
| intriguingadj. ✓in·trigu·ing/ɪnˈtɹiɡɪŋ/ | adj. | very interesting because it is unusual or hard to explainfamily: intrigue, intrigued, intriguinglyLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The lecture raised an intriguing question about how children learn languages. |
| ironicadj. ≠i·ron·ic/aɪˈɹɑnɪk/ | adj. | strange or funny because the opposite of what you expect happensfamily: irony, ironies, ironically, ironicalLevel evidence: References disagree — Octanove places it at C2; Oxford 3000/5000 agrees with the level shown | It is ironic that the swimming teacher cannot swim. |
| ladenadj. ⚠la·den/ˈleɪdən/ | adj. | carrying a heavy loadfamily: loadLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | Laden boats sat low in the water. |
| lesseradj. ✓less·er/ˈlɛsɚ/ | adj. | smaller in size, amount or importance than anotherfamily: less, leastLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The other problems were of lesser importance and could wait. |
| lethaladj. ✓le·thal/ˈliθəl/ | adj. | able to cause deathfamily: lethally, lethalityLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Even a small amount of this chemical can be lethal. |
| marginaladj. ✓✓mar·gin·al/ˈmɑɹdʒənəl/ | adj. | very small and not important enough to make a differencefamily: margin, margins, marginally, marginaliseLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The new software brought only a marginal improvement in speed. |
| mereadj. ≠/mɪɹ/ | adj. | nothing more thanfamily: merelyLevel evidence: References disagree — CEFR-J v1.5 places it at B1; Octanove places it at C2; Oxford 3000/5000 agrees with the level shown | It took a mere five minutes. |
| minimaladj. ✓min·i·mal/ˈmɪnəməl/ | adj. | as small in amount or degree as possiblefamily: minimum, minimally, minimise, minimalist, minimalismLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The storm caused only minimal damage to the school roof. |
| notableadj. ✓✓no·ta·ble/ˈnoʊtəbəl/ | adj. | important or interesting enough to deserve attentionfamily: note, notablyLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The report showed a notable rise in the number of part-time students. |
| oddsn. ✓/ɑdz/ | n. | the chances of something happeningLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The odds of rain are high today. |
| partiallyadv. ✓par·tial·ly/ˈpɑɹʃəli/ | adv. | in part, but not fullyfamily: part, partial, partlyLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The building was only partially finished when the term began. |
| problematicadj. ✓prob·lem·at·ic/ˌpɹɑbləˈmætɪk/ | adj. | full of difficulties and hard to deal withfamily: problem, problemsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Sharing one computer between five students proved problematic during the project. |
| profoundadj. ✓✓pro·found/pɹoʊˈfaʊnd/ | adj. | very great, deep or strongly feltfamily: profoundly, profundityLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The new teacher had a profound effect on the students' confidence. |
| pronouncedadj. ✓pro·nounced/pɹəˈnaʊnst/ | adj. | very easy to notice or very strongfamily: pronounce, pronounces, pronouncing, pronunciationLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | There was a pronounced difference between the two test scores. |
| prospectiveadj. ✓✓pro·spec·tive/pɹəˈspɛktɪv/ | adj. | expected or likely to become something in the futurefamily: prospect, prospectsLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The university held an open day for prospective students and their parents. |
| robustadj. ✓✓ro·bust/ɹoʊˈbʌst/ | adj. | strong and not easily broken or harmedfamily: robustly, robustnessLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The new phone case is robust enough to survive a fall. |
| specializedadj. ✓spe·cial·ized/ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪzd/ | adj. | designed or trained for one particular purposefamily: specialize, specialist, specialization, specialLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The hospital has specialized equipment for treating burns. |
| standingadj. ✓stand·ing/ˈstændɪŋ/ | adj. | continuing to exist or apply for a long timefamily: standLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | There is a standing rule that meetings finish by five o'clock. |
| starkadj. ✓/stɑɹk/ | adj. | very clear and plain, often in an unpleasant wayfamily: starkly, starknessLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | There is a stark difference between the two exam results. |
| structuraladj. ✓✓struc·tur·al/ˈstɹʌktʃɚəl/ | adj. | connected with the way something is built or organisedfamily: structure, structurally, structuresLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The engineer found structural problems in the old bridge. |
| tealn. ⚠/til/ | n. | a dark blue-green colorLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | She painted the wall teal. |
| theatricaladj. ✓the·at·ri·cal/θiˈætɹɪkəl/ | adj. | connected with plays and acting on stagefamily: theatre, theatrically, theatricsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The university has a theatrical group that performs twice a year. |
| tiern. ⚠/tiɹ/ | n. | one level in a structure of several levelsLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | The top tier holds the trophy. |
| viciousadj. ✓✓vi·cious/ˈvɪʃəs/ | adj. | cruel, and meant to harm someone or something badlyfamily: viciously, viciousnessLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The reviewer wrote a vicious comment about the young writer's first book. |
| vocaladj. ✓vo·cal/ˈvoʊkəl/ | adj. | expressing opinions loudly and oftenfamily: vocally, vocalistLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Parents were very vocal about the change to the school timetable. |
abstract44 words
| Word | Part of speech | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| accordancen. ✓ac·cor·dance/əˈkɔɹdəns/ | n. | agreement with a rule, a wish or a planfamily: accord, according, accordinglyLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The exam was marked in accordance with the university rules. |
| accumulationn. ✓ac·cu·mu·la·tion/əˌkjumjəˈleɪʃən/ | n. | a large amount of something collected together over timefamily: accumulate, accumulated, accumulating, accumulativeLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | There was an accumulation of dust on the old bookshelves. |
| adaptationn. ✓ad·ap·ta·tion/ˌædəpˈteɪʃən/ | n. | a change made so that something suits a new situationfamily: adapt, adapted, adapting, adaptable, adaptiveLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Living in a new country needs some adaptation to local customs. |
| alignmentn. ✓✓a·lign·ment/əˈlaɪnmənt/ | n. | the arrangement of things in a straight line or correct positionfamily: align, aligned, alignmentsLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | Check the alignment of the text before you print the poster. |
| applicableadj. ✓ap·pli·ca·ble/ˈæpləkəbəl/ | adj. | relevant to a particular person, group or situationfamily: apply, application, applicabilityLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | This discount is only applicable to full-time students. |
| arrayn. ✓ar·ray/əˈɹeɪ/ | n. | a large and impressive group of thingsfamily: arrays, arrayedLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The market offered an array of fresh fruit from every region. |
| autonomyn. ✓au·ton·o·my/ɔˈtɑnəmi/ | n. | the freedom to make your own decisionsfamily: autonomous, autonomouslyLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Universities want more autonomy in deciding what courses to offer. |
| backdropn. ✓back·drop/ˈbækˌdɹɑp/ | n. | the situation or scenery behind something that happensfamily: backdropsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The talks took place against a backdrop of rising food prices. |
| backingn. ✓back·ing/ˈbækɪŋ/ | n. | support or money given to help a plan succeedfamily: back, backed, backer, backersLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The new library project has the backing of the whole city council. |
| boundaryn. ✓bound·a·ry/ˈbaʊndɚi/ | n. | a line that marks where one area ends and another beginsfamily: boundariesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The river forms the boundary between the two provinces. |
| buffern. ✓✓buf·fer/ˈbʌfɚ/ | n. | a thing that protects against harm or lessens the effect of a changefamily: buffers, buffered, bufferingLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | Her savings acted as a buffer when she lost her job. |
| bulkn. ✓✓/bʌlk/ | n. | the main or largest part of somethingfamily: bulky, bulks, bulkedLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The bulk of the work was finished before the deadline. |
| clarityn. ✓clar·i·ty/ˈklɛɹəti/ | n. | the quality of being easy to understand or seefamily: clear, clearly, clarify, clarification, unclearLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Her essay explains the theory with great clarity. |
| conditionaladj. ✓con·di·tion·al/kənˈdɪʃənəl/ | adj. | depending on something else happening firstfamily: condition, conditions, conditionally, conditionedLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The job offer is conditional on passing a medical check. |
| consistencyn. ✓con·sis·ten·cy/kənˈsɪstənsi/ | n. | the quality of always behaving or happening in the same wayfamily: consistent, consistently, inconsistent, inconsistencyLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Good teachers show consistency in the way they mark essays. |
| constraintn. ✓✓con·straint/kənˈstɹeɪnt/ | n. | something that limits what you can dofamily: constrain, constrained, constraintsLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | Time was the main constraint on our group project. |
| contemplatev. ✓con·tem·plate/ˈkɑntəmˌpleɪt/ | v. | to think about something carefully for a long timefamily: contemplation, contemplative, contemplated, contemplates, contemplatingLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | She sat by the window and contemplated her choice of university. |
| convictionn. ✓✓con·vic·tion/kənˈvɪkʃən/ | n. | a very strong belief that something is truefamily: convict, convicted, convictionsLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | She spoke with conviction about the need for cleaner rivers. |
| credibilityn. ✓✓cred·i·bil·i·ty/ˌkɹɛdəˈbɪlɪti/ | n. | the quality that makes people believe and trust youfamily: credible, credibly, incredibleLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The newspaper lost credibility after printing a false report. |
| demonn. ✓de·mon/ˈdimən/ | n. | an evil spirit believed to bring harm or bad luckfamily: demons, demonicLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | In the old story, a demon lives in the cave and frightens travellers. |
| denialn. ✓de·ni·al/dɪˈnaɪəl/ | n. | a statement that something is not true or did not happenfamily: deny, denied, denies, denying, denialsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The company issued a quick denial of the story in the newspaper. |
| dependencen. ✓de·pen·dence/dɪˈpɛndəns/ | n. | the state of needing someone or something in order to live or succeedfamily: depend, dependent, dependable, dependency, depends, independentLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The country wants to reduce its dependence on imported oil. |
| discretionn. ✓dis·cre·tion/dɪˈskɹɛʃən/ | n. | the freedom to decide what should be done in a situationfamily: discretionary, discreetLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Teachers have some discretion over how they mark late homework. |
| dominancen. ✓dom·i·nance/ˈdɑmənəns/ | n. | the state of being more powerful or important than othersfamily: dominate, dominant, dominated, domination, dominatingLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The team's dominance in the league lasted for three seasons. |
| entityn. ✓en·ti·ty/ˈɛntəti/ | n. | something that exists as a single, separate thingfamily: entitiesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | After the merger, the two companies became a single legal entity. |
| fairnessn. ✓fair·ness/ˈfɛɹnəs/ | n. | the quality of treating everyone equally and in a reasonable wayfamily: fair, fairly, unfair, unfairlyLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Students respect the teacher for the fairness of her marking. |
| handfuln. ✓hand·ful/ˈhændˌfʊl/ | n. | a small number of people or thingsfamily: hand, hands, handfulsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Only a handful of students came to the extra class. |
| handlingn. ✓han·dling/ˈhændlɪŋ/ | n. | the way someone deals with a situation or problemfamily: handle, handled, handles, handlerLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The manager was praised for her calm handling of the complaint. |
| ideologicaladj. ✓i·de·o·log·i·cal/ˌaɪdiəˈlɑdʒɪkəl/ | adj. | based on a fixed set of political or social beliefsfamily: ideology, ideologies, ideologicallyLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The two writers disagree for ideological reasons, not practical ones. |
| inherentlyadv. ✓in·her·ent·ly/ɪnˈhɪɹəntli/ | adv. | as a basic and natural part of somethingfamily: inherentLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Group projects are inherently harder to organise than individual work. |
| integrityn. ✓in·teg·ri·ty/ɪnˈtɛɡɹəti/ | n. | the quality of being honest and having strong moral principlesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The committee praised her integrity when she reported the error. |
| intensityn. ✓in·ten·si·ty/ɪnˈtɛnsəti/ | n. | the level of strength or force of somethingfamily: intense, intensely, intensify, intensiveLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The intensity of the sunlight made the classroom uncomfortably hot. |
| latentadj. ✓la·tent/ˈleɪtənt/ | adj. | present but not yet seen, active or developedfamily: latency, latentlyLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The course helped him discover a latent talent for design. |
| legacyn. ✓✓leg·a·cy/ˈlɛɡəsi/ | n. | something from the past that still has an effect todayfamily: legaciesLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The old headteacher left a legacy of kindness and hard work. |
| likelihoodn. ✓✓like·li·hood/ˈlaɪkliˌhʊd/ | n. | the chance that something will happenfamily: likely, unlikely, likelihoodsLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | There is little likelihood of rain this weekend, the forecast says. |
| magnituden. ✓mag·ni·tude/ˈmæɡnəˌtud/ | n. | the great size or importance of somethingfamily: magnitudesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Nobody understood the magnitude of the problem until the report came out. |
| manipulationn. ✓✓ma·nip·u·la·tion/məˌnɪpjəˈleɪʃən/ | n. | clever control of people or facts, often in an unfair wayfamily: manipulate, manipulated, manipulating, manipulative, manipulatorLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | Careful manipulation of the numbers made the results look better than they were. |
| meaninglessadj. ✓mean·ing·less/ˈminɪŋləs/ | adj. | having no purpose, sense or importancefamily: meaning, mean, meaningfulLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Without the answer key, these numbers on the sheet are meaningless. |
| momentumn. ✓mo·men·tum/moʊˈmɛntəm/ | n. | the force that keeps something moving or growingLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The project gained momentum once the funding was approved. |
| questn. ✓✓/kwɛst/ | n. | a long and difficult search for something importantfamily: questsLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | Her quest for a cure took many years of research. |
| respectiveadj. ✓re·spec·tive/ɹɪˈspɛktɪv/ | adj. | belonging separately to each of the people or things mentionedfamily: respect, respectivelyLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | After the meeting, the students returned to their respective classrooms. |
| sacrificen. ✓✓sac·ri·fice/ˈsækɹəˌfaɪs/ | n. | something important you give up to gain something betterfamily: sacrifices, sacrificed, sacrificing, sacrificialLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | Her parents made many sacrifices so she could study abroad. |
| suspensionn. ✓✓sus·pen·sion/səˈspɛnʃən/ | n. | the act of stopping something from happening for a period of timefamily: suspend, suspended, suspending, suspends, suspensionsLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The suspension of bus services caused problems for many students. |
| underlyingadj. ✓un·der·ly·ing/ˌʌndɚˈlaɪɪŋ/ | adj. | real or basic, but not easy to see at firstfamily: underlie, underlies, underlayLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Poor sleep was the underlying cause of his low marks. |
work39 words
| Word | Part of speech | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| accountableadj. ✓ac·count·a·ble/əˈkaʊntəbəl/ | adj. | responsible for something and expected to explain your actionsfamily: account, accountability, accountant, accounting, accountsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Managers are accountable for the decisions their teams make. |
| administerv. ✓ad·min·is·ter/ədˈmɪnəstɚ/ | v. | to manage and be responsible for an organisation or systemfamily: administration, administrator, administrative, administered, administersLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The university office administers all student grants and loans. |
| advisoryadj. ✓ad·vi·so·ry/ædˈvaɪzɚi/ | adj. | having the job of giving suggestions rather than making decisionsfamily: advise, advice, adviser, advisers, advisor, advisorsLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | She sits on an advisory committee for the new science building. |
| aiden. ✓/eɪd/ | n. | a person who helps someone in their workfamily: aidLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | A teaching aide joined the class. |
| alignv. ✓✓a·lign/əˈlaɪn/ | v. | to place in a straight line; to bring into agreementfamily: alignmentLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | Align the sheet with the margin. |
| allocatev. ✓al·lo·cate/ˈæləˌkeɪt/ | v. | to give out money, time or space for a particular purposefamily: allocation, allocated, allocating, allocatesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The school allocated extra funds to the science department this year. |
| chartern. ✓✓char·ter/ˈtʃɑɹtɚ/ | n. | an official document granting rightsfamily: charteredLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The city charter dates from 1290. |
| coiln. ⚠/kɔɪl/ | n. | something wound into ringsLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | A coil of rope lay on deck. |
| collaboratev. ✓✓col·lab·o·rate/kəˈlæbɚˌeɪt/ | v. | to work together with other people on a shared taskfamily: collaboration, collaborative, collaborator, collaborated, collaborates, collaboratingLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The two universities collaborated on a study of river pollution. |
| conferv. ✓con·fer/kənˈfɝ/ | v. | to discuss something with other people before decidingfamily: conference, conferences, conferred, conferring, confersLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The judges conferred for ten minutes before announcing the winner. |
| consultationn. ✓✓con·sul·ta·tion/ˌkɑnsəlˈteɪʃən/ | n. | a meeting where you ask an expert for advicefamily: consult, consultant, consultancy, consulted, consulting, consultsLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | Students can book a consultation with a lecturer before the exam. |
| contractorn. ✓✓con·trac·tor/ˈkɑnˌtɹæktɚ/ | n. | a person or company paid to do a particular jobfamily: contract, contracted, contracting, contractorsLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The university hired a contractor to repair the library roof. |
| coordinatev. ✓co·or·di·nate/koʊˈɔɹdəˌneɪt/ | v. | to organise different people or activities so they work well togetherfamily: coordination, coordinator, coordinated, coordinating, coordinatesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | A teacher coordinates the timetable for the whole department. |
| coordinationn. ✓co·or·di·na·tion/koʊˌɔɹdəˈneɪʃən/ | n. | the organising of different people or parts so that they work well togetherfamily: coordinate, coordinated, coordinates, coordinating, coordinatorLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Good coordination between the two departments saved a lot of time. |
| coordinatorn. ✓co·or·di·na·tor/koʊˈɔɹdəˌneɪtɚ/ | n. | a person whose job is to organise people or activities so they work togetherfamily: coordinate, coordinated, coordinates, coordinating, coordination, coordinatorsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The course coordinator sends the timetable to all students each term. |
| counterpartn. ✓coun·ter·part/ˈkaʊntɚˌpɑɹt/ | n. | a person or thing with the same job or role in a different placefamily: counterpartsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Our finance manager met her counterpart from the Singapore office yesterday. |
| defectn. ✓de·fect/ˈdifɛkt/ | n. | a fault or weakness that makes something not perfectfamily: defects, defectiveLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The factory found a small defect in the phone screens and stopped production. |
| deployv. ✓de·ploy/dɪˈplɔɪ/ | v. | to put people or equipment in position, ready for usefamily: deployed, deploying, deployment, deployments, deploysLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The company deployed extra staff to the airport during the holiday. |
| deploymentn. ✓de·ploy·ment/dɪˈplɔɪmənt/ | n. | the act of moving people or equipment into position for usefamily: deploy, deployed, deploying, deploys, deploymentsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The deployment of the new software will start on Monday morning. |
| directoryn. ✓di·rec·to·ry/dəˈɹɛktɚi/ | n. | a list of names, addresses or phone numbers in orderfamily: directoriesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Check the staff directory to find her office phone number. |
| dismissaln. ✓dis·miss·al/dɪˈsmɪsəl/ | n. | the act of making someone leave their jobfamily: dismiss, dismissed, dismissals, dismissiveLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | His dismissal came after several warnings about arriving late. |
| dyern. ⚠dy·er/ˈdaɪɚ/ | n. | a person whose work is dyeing clothfamily: dyeLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | The dyer's yard smells of indigo. |
| erectv. ✓e·rect/ɪˈɹɛkt/ | v. | to build or put up a structureLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | They erected a new hall. |
| franchisen. ✓fran·chise/ˈfɹænˌtʃaɪz/ | n. | the right to sell a company's products under its name in an areafamily: franchises, franchisee, franchisor, franchised, franchisingLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | She opened a coffee franchise near the university last year. |
| idleadj. ≠i·dle/ˈaɪdəl/ | adj. | not working or being usedLevel evidence: References disagree — CEFR-J v1.5 places it at B2 | The machine stood idle. |
| lieun. ⚠/lu/ | n. | used in the phrase in lieu of: instead ofLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | A day off in lieu of overtime. |
| listingn. ✓list·ing/ˈlɪstɪŋ/ | n. | a printed or online list of items, often with detailsfamily: list, lists, listed, listingsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The house listing showed photos of every room and the garden. |
| machineryn. ✓ma·chin·er·y/məˈʃinɚi/ | n. | large equipment with moving parts used in factories or on farmsfamily: machine, machinesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The farm bought new machinery to harvest the rice faster. |
| miningn. ✓min·ing/ˈmaɪnɪŋ/ | n. | the work of digging coal, metal or stone out of the groundfamily: miner, mines, minedLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Mining provides many jobs in the northern part of the country. |
| newslettern. ✓news·let·ter/ˈnuzˌlɛtɚ/ | n. | a short report sent regularly to members of a groupfamily: newslettersLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The school sends a newsletter to parents every month. |
| nichen. ✓✓/nɪtʃ/ | n. | a small special area of business or activity that suits one groupfamily: nichesLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The shop found a niche selling handmade notebooks to students. |
| notifyv. ✓no·ti·fy/ˈnoʊtəˌfaɪ/ | v. | to tell someone officially about somethingfamily: notification, notified, notifies, notifyingLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The office will notify students by email when results are ready. |
| occupationaladj. ✓oc·cu·pa·tion·al/ɑkjəˈpeɪʃənəl/ | adj. | connected with a person's jobfamily: occupation, occupations, occupyLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Back pain is a common occupational problem for office workers. |
| operationaladj. ✓op·er·a·tion·al/ˌɑpəˈɹeɪʃənəl/ | adj. | working and ready to be usedfamily: operate, operation, operations, operator, operatorsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The new train line will be fully operational by next year. |
| overseev. ✓✓o·ver·see/ˌoʊvɚˈsi/ | v. | to watch and direct work to make sure it is done properlyfamily: oversaw, overseen, overseeing, overseer, overseesLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | A senior nurse oversees the training of every new staff member. |
| plean. ✓/pli/ | n. | an urgent requestfamily: plead, pleadedLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The letter was a plea for more books. |
| predecessorn. ✓✓pre·de·ces·sor/ˈpɹɛdəˌsɛsɚ/ | n. | the person who had a job or position before someone elsefamily: predecessorsLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The new director thanked her predecessor for his years of work. |
| reeln. ⚠/ɹil/ | n. | a round object that thread or film winds aroundLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | Wind the thread onto the reel. |
| terminatev. ✓ter·mi·nate/ˈtɝməˌneɪt/ | v. | to bring something to an endfamily: termination, terminated, terminating, terminal, terminatorLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The company terminated the contract after repeated late deliveries. |
actions31 words
| Word | Part of speech | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| acceleratev. ✓ac·cel·er·ate/ækˈsɛlɚˌeɪt/ | v. | to move faster, or to make something happen more quicklyfamily: acceleration, accelerator, accelerated, accelerating, acceleratesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The train accelerated quickly after leaving the station. |
| alleviatev. ✓al·le·vi·ate/əˈliviˌeɪt/ | v. | to make a problem or pain less severefamily: alleviation, alleviated, alleviates, alleviatingLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | A short walk can alleviate the stress of a long study day. |
| circulatev. ✓✓cir·cu·late/ˈsɝkjəˌleɪt/ | v. | to pass from one person or place to anotherfamily: circulation, circulated, circulates, circulating, circulatorLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The report was circulated to every member of the committee. |
| clingv. ✓/klɪŋ/ | v. | to hold on to something very tightlyfamily: clung, clinging, clings, clingyLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The child clung to her mother's hand in the crowded market. |
| commencev. ✓com·mence/kəˈmɛns/ | v. | to begin, especially something formal or officialfamily: commencement, commenced, commencing, commencesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The graduation ceremony will commence at nine o'clock in the main hall. |
| compelv. ✓✓com·pel/kəmˈpɛl/ | v. | to force someone to do somethingfamily: compelled, compelling, compels, compulsion, compulsoryLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | Rising costs compelled the school to cancel the trip. |
| consolidatev. ✓con·sol·i·date/kənˈsɑlɪˌdeɪt/ | v. | to join several things into a single, stronger wholefamily: consolidation, consolidated, consolidating, consolidatesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | She consolidated her lecture notes into one clear summary before the exam. |
| creepv. ✓/kɹip/ | v. | to move slowly and quietly so nobody noticesfamily: crept, creeping, creeps, creeper, creepyLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | He crept into the room so he would not disturb the class. |
| designatev. ✓des·ig·nate/ˈdɛzəɡˌneɪt/ | v. | to choose someone or something officially for a particular purpose or jobfamily: designation, designated, designating, designatesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The university designated the old library as a quiet study area. |
| discardv. ✓✓dis·card/dɪˈskɑɹd/ | v. | to throw away something you no longer want or needfamily: discarded, discarding, discardsLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | Please discard any notes you no longer need before we move office. |
| disclosev. ✓dis·close/dɪsˈkloʊz/ | v. | to make secret or private information knownfamily: disclosure, disclosed, discloses, disclosingLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The company refused to disclose how much the new director earns. |
| elevatev. ✓✓el·e·vate/ˈɛləˌveɪt/ | v. | to raise something to a higher level or positionfamily: elevated, elevates, elevating, elevation, elevatorLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The nurse asked him to elevate his leg on a pillow. |
| embarkv. ✓✓em·bark/ɛmˈbɑɹk/ | v. | to begin a long or important activityfamily: embarked, embarking, embarkation, embarksLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | Next month she will embark on a two-year research project. |
| exertv. ✓✓ex·ert/ɪɡˈzɝt/ | v. | to use effort, power or influence to make something happenfamily: exertion, exerted, exerting, exertsLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | Teachers can exert a strong influence on how children see themselves. |
| fosterv. ✓fos·ter/ˈfɑstɚ/ | v. | to help something grow or developfamily: fostered, fostering, fostersLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Group projects foster teamwork among first-year students. |
| grindv. ✓/ɡɹaɪnd/ | v. | to crush something into very small pieces or powderfamily: ground, grinder, grinding, grindsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Grind the coffee beans just before you make the coffee. |
| haltv. ✓/hɔlt/ | v. | to stop; a formal wordLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Rain halted the match. |
| inducev. ≠in·duce/ɪnˈdus/ | v. | to cause something to happenfamily: induced, induces, inducing, inducement, inductionLevel evidence: References disagree — Octanove places it at C2; Oxford 3000/5000 agrees with the level shown | Lack of sleep can induce headaches in many students. |
| inhibitv. ✓in·hib·it/ɪnˈhɪbət/ | v. | to stop something from happening or make it slowerfamily: inhibition, inhibited, inhibitor, inhibits, inhibitingLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Fear of mistakes can inhibit students from speaking in class. |
| initiatev. ✓in·i·ti·ate/ɪˈnɪʃiˌeɪt/ | v. | to make something beginfamily: initiated, initiation, initiative, initiatorLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The university initiated a recycling programme in every building. |
| insertionn. ✓in·ser·tion/ɪnˈsɝʃən/ | n. | the act of putting something inside another thingfamily: insert, inserted, inserting, inserts, insertionsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The insertion of a new paragraph made the essay much clearer. |
| intervenev. ✓in·ter·vene/ˌɪntɚˈvin/ | v. | to become involved in a situation in order to change itfamily: intervention, intervened, intervening, intervenesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The teacher intervened when the two students started arguing loudly. |
| manifestv. ✓man·i·fest/ˈmænəˌfɛst/ | v. | to show something clearly through signs or actionsfamily: manifestation, manifested, manifesting, manifests, manifestlyLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Stress often manifests itself as headaches and poor sleep. |
| maximizev. ✓max·i·mize/ˈmæksəˌmaɪz/ | v. | to make something as large or as great as possiblefamily: maximum, maximization, maximized, maximizing, maximalLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Sit near the front to maximize your chances of hearing well. |
| portrayv. ✓✓por·tray/pɔɹtˈɹeɪ/ | v. | to show or describe someone or something in a particular wayfamily: portrayal, portrayed, portraying, portrays, portraitLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The film portrays village life as slow and peaceful. |
| provokev. ✓✓pro·voke/pɹəˈvoʊk/ | v. | to cause a strong reaction or feeling in peoplefamily: provocation, provocative, provoked, provokes, provokingLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The new parking rules provoked complaints from staff. |
| renderv. ✓✓ren·der/ˈɹɛndɚ/ | v. | to cause something to be in a particular statefamily: rendered, rendering, rendersLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The heavy rain rendered the football pitch unusable for the whole weekend. |
| rotatev. ✓✓ro·tate/ˈɹoʊˌteɪt/ | v. | to turn around a central point, like a wheelfamily: rotation, rotated, rotates, rotating, rotatorLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The Earth rotates once every twenty-four hours. |
| rovev. ⚠/ɹoʊv/ | v. | to wander from place to placefamily: rovingLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | Vendors rove the fair all day. |
| thrivev. ✓/θɹaɪv/ | v. | to grow well or become very successfulfamily: thrived, thrives, thrivingLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Small cafés thrive in this part of the city. |
| underminev. ✓un·der·mine/ˌʌndɚˈmaɪn/ | v. | to make something gradually weaker or less effectivefamily: undermined, undermines, underminingLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Constant criticism can undermine a young learner's confidence. |
academic24 words
| Word | Part of speech | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| adherev. ≠ad·here/ədˈhɪɹ/ | v. | to follow a rule, plan or belief closelyfamily: adherence, adherent, adhered, adheres, adhering, adhesiveLevel evidence: References disagree — Octanove places it at C2; Oxford 3000/5000 agrees with the level shown | All laboratories must adhere to the university safety guidelines. |
| apparatusn. ✓ap·pa·ra·tus/ˌæpəˈɹætəs/ | n. | the equipment needed for a scientific or technical taskfamily: apparatusesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The students set up the apparatus before starting the chemistry experiment. |
| archiven. ✓ar·chive/ˈɑɹˌkaɪv/ | n. | a collection of old documents and records kept for studyfamily: archives, archived, archiving, archival, archivistLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The library archive holds newspapers from more than a century ago. |
| assertionn. ✓✓as·ser·tion/əˈsɝʃən/ | n. | a strong statement that something is true, often without prooffamily: assert, asserted, asserting, asserts, assertive, assertionsLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | Her assertion that the data were wrong surprised the whole team. |
| contendv. ✓con·tend/kənˈtɛnd/ | v. | to argue that something is truefamily: contention, contender, contended, contending, contends, contentiousLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The author contends that small classes help students learn faster. |
| contentionn. ✓con·ten·tion/kənˈtɛnʃən/ | n. | a strong opinion that someone states in an argument or discussionfamily: contend, contends, contentions, contentiousLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The author's main contention is that reading improves memory. |
| contestedadj. ✓con·test·ed/kənˈtɛstəd/ | adj. | argued about because people do not agreefamily: contest, contests, contestingLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The meaning of the term is still contested among researchers. |
| contextualadj. ✓con·tex·tu·al/ˌkɑnˈtɛksˌtʃuəl/ | adj. | connected with the situation in which something happensfamily: context, contexts, contextually, contextualiseLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Good readers use contextual clues to guess new words. |
| critiquen. ✓cri·tique/kɹəˈtik/ | n. | a detailed piece of writing that judges the strengths and weaknesses of somethingfamily: critiques, critiqued, critiquing, critic, critical, criticismLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Each student must write a critique of a published research article. |
| densityn. ✓den·si·ty/ˈdɛnsəti/ | n. | the amount of people or things in a given area or spacefamily: dense, densely, densitiesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Bangkok has a much higher population density than the countryside. |
| depictv. ✓✓de·pict/dɪˈpɪkt/ | v. | to show something in a picture or describe it in wordsfamily: depiction, depicted, depicting, depictsLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The painting depicts a busy floating market at sunrise. |
| empiricaladj. ✓em·pir·i·cal/ˌɛmˈpɪɹɪkəl/ | adj. | based on real observation or experiment rather than on theoryfamily: empirically, empiricismLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The study gives empirical evidence that sleep improves memory. |
| experimentaladj. ✓ex·per·i·men·tal/ɪkˌspɛɹɪˈmɛntəl/ | adj. | connected with scientific tests done to discover somethingfamily: experiment, experimentally, experimentationLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The experimental group received the new teaching method for ten weeks. |
| explanatoryadj. ✓ex·plan·a·to·ry/ɪkˈsplænəˌtɔɹi/ | adj. | giving reasons that help people understand somethingfamily: explain, explanation, explained, explaining, explanationsLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Each diagram comes with a short explanatory note underneath. |
| formulatev. ✓✓for·mu·late/ˈfɔɹmjəˌleɪt/ | v. | to develop a plan, idea or rule carefully and in detailfamily: formula, formulation, formulated, formulatingLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The committee spent months formulating a new policy on student attendance. |
| indicatorn. ✓in·di·ca·tor/ˈɪndəˌkeɪtɚ/ | n. | something that shows the state or level of a situationfamily: indicate, indicated, indicates, indicating, indication, indicativeLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Test scores are only one indicator of a student's ability. |
| irrelevantadj. ✓ir·rel·e·vant/ɪˈɹɛləvənt/ | adj. | not connected with the subject being discussedfamily: relevant, relevance, irrelevance, irrelevantlyLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Please leave out details that are irrelevant to the question. |
| linearadj. ✓✓lin·e·ar/ˈlɪniɚ/ | adj. | moving or arranged in one straight direction, step by stepfamily: line, linearly, linearityLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The story follows a linear path from her childhood to old age. |
| manuscriptn. ✓man·u·script/ˈmænjəˌskɹɪpt/ | n. | a book or text written by an author before it is printedfamily: manuscriptsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | She sent her manuscript to three publishers last month. |
| precisionn. ✓✓pre·ci·sion/pɹiˈsɪʒən/ | n. | the quality of being exact and correct in every detailfamily: precise, preciselyLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The scientist measured each sample with great precision. |
| specimenn. ✓✓spec·i·men/ˈspɛsəmən/ | n. | a single example of something, used for study or testingfamily: specimensLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The students examined a leaf specimen under the microscope. |
| statisticaladj. ✓sta·tis·ti·cal/stəˈtɪstɪkəl/ | adj. | based on numbers that have been collected and studiedfamily: statistic, statistics, statistically, statisticianLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The report gives statistical evidence that reading improves grades. |
| theoreticaladj. ✓the·o·ret·i·cal/ˌθiəˈɹɛtɪkəl/ | adj. | based on ideas rather than practice or experiencefamily: theory, theories, theoretically, theorist, theorizeLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The course covers the theoretical background before the laboratory work. |
| verifyv. ✓ver·i·fy/ˈvɛɹəˌfaɪ/ | v. | to check that something is true or correctfamily: verification, verified, verifies, verifying, verifiable, verifierLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Please verify your email address before you submit the form. |
buddhism23 words
| Word | Part of speech | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| abbotn. ⚠ab·bot/ˈæbət/ | n. | the senior monk in charge of a monasteryLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | The abbot welcomed the visitors. |
| aggregaten. ⚠ag·gre·gate/ˈæɡɹəɡət/ | n. Pali: khandha | one of the five groups that make up a person in Buddhist analysisLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | Form is the first aggregate. |
| almsn. ⚠/ɑlmz/ | n. Pali: dāna | food or goods offered to monks or those in needLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | Villagers offer alms each morning. |
| amenn. ⚠a·men/eɪˈmɛn/ | n. | a word said at the end of a prayerLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | The congregation said amen. |
| cessationn. ✓ces·sa·tion/ˌsɛˈseɪʃən/ | n. Pali: nirodha | complete stopping or endingfamily: ceaseLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The Third Noble Truth is the cessation of suffering. |
| clingingn. ⚠cling·ing/ˈklɪŋɪŋ/ | n. Pali: upādāna | holding on tightly; in Buddhist texts, the mind's gripfamily: cling, clungLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | Clinging to results brings stress. |
| delusionn. ⚠de·lu·sion/dɪˈluʒən/ | n. Pali: moha | a mistaken way of seeing that clouds the mindfamily: deludedLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | Greed, hatred and delusion are the three roots. |
| equanimityn. ⚠e·qua·nim·i·ty/ˌikwəˈnɪmɪti/ | n. Pali: upekkhā | an even, balanced state of mind in good times and badLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | She received the news with equanimity. |
| fettern. ⚠fet·ter/ˈfɛtɚ/ | n. Pali: saṃyojana | a chain; one of the ties said to bind beings to sufferingLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | The first three fetters fall away at stream-entry. |
| hindrancen. ≠hin·drance/ˈhɪndɹəns/ | n. Pali: nīvaraṇa | something that blocks progress; one of the five obstacles to meditationfamily: hinderLevel evidence: References disagree — Octanove places it at C2 | Doubt is the fifth hindrance. |
| impermanencen. ⚠im·per·ma·nence/ˌɪmˈpɝmənəns/ | n. Pali: anicca | the fact that all conditioned things change and passfamily: impermanentLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | The falling leaf was a lesson in impermanence. |
| mantran. ⚠man·tra/ˈmæntɹə/ | n. Pali: manta | a word or phrase repeated to help the mind focusLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | She repeated the mantra softly. |
| ordainv. ≠or·dain/ɔɹˈdeɪn/ | v. Pali: upasampadā | to formally make someone a monk or priestfamily: ordinationLevel evidence: References disagree — Octanove places it at C2 | He was ordained at twenty. |
| ordinationn. ⚠or·di·na·tion/ˌɔɹdəˈneɪʃən/ | n. Pali: upasampadā | the ceremony that makes someone a monk or priestfamily: ordainLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | His ordination is set for July. |
| preceptn. ⚠pre·cept/ˈpɹiˌsɛpt/ | n. Pali: sikkhāpada | a training rule for good conductLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | Lay people keep five precepts. |
| preceptsn. ⚠pre·cepts/ˈpɹiˌsɛpts/ | n. Pali: sikkhāpada | plural of precept: rules of training for conductfamily: preceptLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | Lay visitors keep five precepts. |
| rapturen. ≠rap·ture/ˈɹæptʃɚ/ | n. Pali: pīti | uplifting joy that suffuses body and mindLevel evidence: References disagree — Octanove places it at C2 | Rapture arises as concentration deepens. |
| rebirthn. ⚠re·birth/ɹiˈbɝθ/ | n. Pali: punabbhava | being born again; in Buddhist texts, the next becomingfamily: birth, rebornLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | The mural shows the cycle of rebirth. |
| renunciationn. ⚠re·nun·ci·a·tion/ɹɪˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃən/ | n. Pali: nekkhamma | giving up worldly pleasures for a higher aimfamily: renounceLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | His renunciation surprised his family. |
| riten. ≠/ɹaɪt/ | n. | a formal religious ceremonyfamily: ritualLevel evidence: References disagree — CEFR-J v1.5 places it at B2 | The rite is performed at dawn. |
| sagen. ≠/seɪdʒ/ | n. | a very wise personLevel evidence: References disagree — CEFR-J v1.5 places it at B2 | The sage answered in one sentence. |
| tranquilityn. ✓tran·quil·i·ty/tɹæŋkˈwɪlɪti/ | n. Pali: passaddhi | deep calm of body and mindfamily: tranquilLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Tranquility settles the mind for insight. |
| vicen. ✓/vaɪs/ | n. | a bad habit or immoral behaviourLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The text lists gambling as a vice. |
school19 words
| Word | Part of speech | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| coherentadj. ≠co·her·ent/koʊˈhɪɹənt/ | adj. | clear and logically connectedfamily: coherenceLevel evidence: References disagree — CEFR-J v1.5 places it at B2 | Her argument was coherent throughout. |
| deann. ⚠/din/ | n. | a senior officer in a college or universityLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | The dean approved the request. |
| discoursen. ✓✓dis·course/ˈdɪskɔɹs/ | n. Pali: sutta | language used in speech or writingLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | Classroom discourse follows patterns. |
| epicadj. ⚠ep·ic/ˈɛpɪk/ | adj. | very long and impressiveLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | The Ramayana is an epic poem. |
| genen. ≠/dʒin/ | n. | a part of a cell that carries inherited featuresfamily: geneticLevel evidence: References disagree — CEFR-J v1.5 places it at B1; Oxford 3000/5000 places it at B2 | The gene was identified last year. |
| gridn. ✓/ɡɹɪd/ | n. | a pattern of straight lines crossing to make squaresLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Copy the word into the grid. |
| implicitadj. ⚠im·plic·it/ˌɪmpˈlɪsət/ | adj. | suggested but not stated directlyfamily: implicitly, implyLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | The criticism was implicit. |
| ionsn. ⚠i·ons/ˈaɪənz/ | n. | atoms carrying an electrical chargefamily: ionLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | Salt separates into ions in water. |
| literacyn. ✓lit·er·a·cy/ˈlɪtɚəsi/ | n. | the ability to read and writefamily: literate, illiterate, illiteracyLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The library runs free literacy classes for adults every evening. |
| nuancen. ⚠nu·ance/ˈnuɑns/ | n. | a very small difference in meaningfamily: nuancedLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | The translation lost every nuance. |
| parsev. ⚠/pɑɹs/ | v. | to break a sentence into its grammar partsLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | Parse the sentence on the board. |
| prevalentadj. ⚠prev·a·lent/ˈpɹɛvələnt/ | adj. | common in a place or at a timefamily: prevalenceLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | That spelling error is prevalent here. |
| prosen. ≠/pɹoʊz/ | n. | ordinary written language, not poetryLevel evidence: References disagree — CEFR-J v1.5 places it at B2 | Write your answer in prose. |
| ration. ✓ra·tio/ˈɹeɪʃiˌoʊ/ | n. | the relation between two amounts, shown as two numbersLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Keep a one-to-four teacher ratio. |
| satiren. ⚠sat·ire/ˈsæˌtaɪɚ/ | n. | writing that uses humour to criticise people or ideasLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | The play is a gentle satire on exams. |
| syllablen. ≠syl·la·ble/ˈsɪləbəl/ | n. | a unit of sound in a wordfamily: syllabicLevel evidence: References disagree — CEFR-J v1.5 places it at B2 | Water has two syllables. |
| thresholdn. ✓thresh·old/ˈθɹɛˌʃoʊld/ | n. | the level at which something beginsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | She crossed the B2 threshold. |
| tomen. ⚠/toʊm/ | n. | a large heavy serious bookLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | The old grammar tome stays on the shelf. |
| unscramblev. ⚠un·scram·ble/ənskˈɹæmbəl/ | v. | to put mixed things back in orderfamily: scramble, scrambledLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | Unscramble the word and write it down. |
people17 words
| Word | Part of speech | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| amateurn. ✓✓am·a·teur/ˈæməˌtɝ/ | n. | a person who does something for pleasure, not as a jobfamily: amateurish, amateurism, amateursLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | He is only an amateur, but his photographs look professional. |
| bailn. ✓/beɪl/ | n. | money paid so an arrested person can wait at home for trialLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The court set bail at a high sum. |
| bardn. ⚠/bɑɹd/ | n. | a poet, especially in older timesLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | The bard sang of the river kings. |
| clashn. ✓/klæʃ/ | n. | a strong disagreement between people or groupsfamily: clashes, clashed, clashingLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | There was a clash of opinions between the two managers at the meeting. |
| contributorn. ✓con·trib·u·tor/kənˈtɹɪbjətɚ/ | n. | a person who gives money, help or writing to a shared projectfamily: contribute, contributed, contributes, contributing, contribution, contributorsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | She is a regular contributor to the university magazine. |
| dedicatedadj. ✓ded·i·cat·ed/ˈdɛdəkeɪtəd/ | adj. | giving a lot of time and effort to something you care aboutfamily: dedicate, dedication, dedicates, dedicatingLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Our dedicated nurse stayed late to check every patient again. |
| gatheringn. ✓gath·er·ing/ˈɡæðɚɪŋ/ | n. | a group of people who have come together for a purposefamily: gather, gathered, gatherer, gatheringsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | About fifty people attended the family gathering on Sunday. |
| grann. ⚠/ɡɹæn/ | n. | an informal word for grandmotherLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | My gran lives nearby. |
| insidern. ✓in·sid·er/ɪnˈsaɪdɚ/ | n. | a person who belongs to a group and knows its secretsfamily: inside, insidersLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Only an insider could know when the company plans to hire. |
| interferencen. ✓in·ter·fer·ence/ˌɪntɚˈfɪɹəns/ | n. | the act of getting involved in something that is not your businessfamily: interfere, interfered, interferes, interferingLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The manager's constant interference made the team slow and unhappy. |
| kinn. ⚠/kɪn/ | n. | your family and relativesfamily: kinship, kinsmanLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | She travelled to meet distant kin. |
| ladn. ✓/læd/ | n. | a boy or young manLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The lad carried the bags. |
| lesbianadj. ✓les·bi·an/ˈlɛzbiən/ | adj. | describing a woman who is attracted to other womenfamily: lesbians, lesbianismLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The student club supports lesbian and gay members on campus. |
| maternaladj. ✓ma·ter·nal/məˈtɝnəl/ | adj. | relating to a mother or typical of a motherfamily: maternally, maternity, motherLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The nurse spoke to the frightened child in a warm, maternal voice. |
| mobn. ✓/mɑb/ | n. | a large, noisy, often angry crowdLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | A mob gathered outside the gate. |
| realmn. ✓/ɹɛlm/ | n. | a kingdom; an area of knowledge or activityLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Grammar is her realm. |
| reignn. ✓/ɹeɪn/ | n. | the period a king or queen rulesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The bridge dates from the last reign. |
nature14 words
| Word | Part of speech | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| drainagen. ⚠drain·age/ˈdɹeɪnədʒ/ | n. | the way water flows away from landfamily: drainLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | Poor drainage flooded the field. |
| driftv. ✓/dɹɪft/ | v. | to move slowly, carried by water or airfamily: drifted, drifter, drifting, driftsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The empty boat drifted across the lake in the wind. |
| elmn. ⚠/ɛlm/ | n. | a large tree with broad leavesLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | An old elm stood by the gate. |
| evolutionaryadj. ✓ev·o·lu·tion·ar·y/ˌɛvəˈluʃəˌnɛɹi/ | adj. | connected with the slow change of living things over many generationsfamily: evolve, evolution, evolved, evolves, evolvingLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The museum explains the evolutionary history of birds from dinosaurs. |
| geologicaladj. ✓ge·o·log·i·cal/ˌdʒiəˈlɑdʒɪkəl/ | adj. | connected with the rocks and soil that make up the Earthfamily: geology, geologist, geologically, geologicLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The students studied a geological map of the river valley. |
| islen. ≠/aɪl/ | n. | a small islandfamily: islandLevel evidence: References disagree — CEFR-J v1.5 places it at B1 | A quiet isle lies offshore. |
| maren. ⚠/mɛɹ/ | n. | a female horseLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | The mare stood by the fence. |
| preyn. ✓/pɹeɪ/ | n. | an animal hunted by another for foodLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The owl watches for prey. |
| ramn. ≠/ɹæm/ | n. | an adult male sheepLevel evidence: References disagree — CEFR-J v1.5 places it at B2 | The ram stood on the hill. |
| reapv. ✓/ɹip/ | v. | to cut and gather a cropLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Farmers reap the rice in autumn. |
| reedn. ≠/ɹid/ | n. | a tall grass that grows near waterLevel evidence: References disagree — CEFR-J v1.5 places it at B2 | Reeds line the riverbank. |
| sowv. ⚠/saʊ/ | v. | to plant seeds in the groundfamily: sowingLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | Farmers sow rice in June. |
| terrainn. ✓✓ter·rain/təˈɹeɪn/ | n. | land of a particular type, such as hills or rocksfamily: terrainsLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The hikers moved slowly across the rocky terrain. |
| weirn. ⚠/wɪɹ/ | n. | a low wall built across a river to control the waterLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | Fish gather below the weir. |
discourse13 words
| Word | Part of speech | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| arguablyadv. ✓ar·gu·a·bly/ˈɑɹɡjuəbli/ | adv. | used to say something is probably true, although others may disagreefamily: argue, arguable, argumentLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | This is arguably the best café in the whole city. |
| coupledadj. ✓cou·pled/ˈkʌpəld/ | adj. | joined together with something elsefamily: couple, couples, couplingLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | High prices, coupled with low wages, made life difficult. |
| ironyn. ✓✓i·ro·ny/ˈaɪɹəni/ | n. | a situation that is odd because it is the opposite of what you expectfamily: ironies, ironic, ironicallyLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The irony was that the English teacher spelt the word wrong. |
| namelyadv. ✓name·ly/ˈneɪmli/ | adv. | used to say exactly who or what you meanfamily: nameLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Only two subjects are compulsory, namely English and mathematics. |
| notablyadv. ✓no·ta·bly/ˈnoʊtəbli/ | adv. | used to point out the most important examplefamily: note, noted, notableLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Sales rose in many regions, notably in the north. |
| principallyadv. ✓prin·ci·pal·ly/ˈpɹɪnsɪpli/ | adv. | mainly, or more than anything elsefamily: principalLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The course is principally for students who plan to teach. |
| reportedlyadv. ✓re·port·ed·ly/ɹɪˈpɔɹtədli/ | adv. | according to what people say, though not yet provedfamily: report, reported, reportsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The company is reportedly planning to open a new factory next year. |
| respectivelyadv. ✓re·spec·tive·ly/ɹɪˈspɛktɪvli/ | adv. | in the same order as the things already mentionedfamily: respect, respectiveLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Class A and Class B scored 85 and 92 respectively. |
| seeminglyadv. ✓seem·ing·ly/ˈsimɪŋli/ | adv. | in a way that appears true but may not befamily: seem, seeming, seems, seemedLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The seemingly simple question took the whole class an hour to answer. |
| solelyadv. ✓sole·ly/ˈsoʊlli/ | adv. | only, and not involving anyone or anything elsefamily: soleLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The decision was made solely by the head of the department. |
| therebyadv. ✓✓there·by/ˌðɛɹˈbaɪ/ | adv. | as a result of the action just mentionedLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | She left early, thereby missing the last part of the lecture. |
| whatsoeveradv. ✓what·so·ev·er/ˌwʌtsoʊˈɛvɚ/ | adv. | used after nothing or no to mean at allLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The manager gave no reason whatsoever for cancelling the meeting. |
| wherebyadv. ✓where·by/wɛɹˈbaɪ/ | adv. | by which something is done or made possibleLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The school has a system whereby students can borrow laptops for free. |
body12 words
| Word | Part of speech | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| chronicadj. ✓chron·ic/ˈkɹɑnɪk/ | adj. | lasting a long time and hard to curefamily: chronicallyLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | He has chronic back pain from sitting all day. |
| circulationn. ✓✓cir·cu·la·tion/ˈsɝkjəˌleɪʃən/ | n. | the movement of blood, air or goods around a systemfamily: circulate, circulated, circulating, circulatory, circulationsLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | Regular exercise improves the circulation of blood around your body. |
| clinicaladj. ✓✓clin·i·cal/ˈklɪnəkəl/ | adj. | relating to the treatment and study of real patientsfamily: clinic, clinics, clinician, clinicallyLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The new medicine passed its clinical trials last year. |
| diagnosev. ✓di·ag·nose/ˌdaɪəɡˈnoʊs/ | v. | to find out which illness or problem someone or something hasfamily: diagnosis, diagnoses, diagnosed, diagnosing, diagnosticLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The doctor diagnosed the illness after looking at the test results. |
| diagnosisn. ✓di·ag·no·sis/ˌdaɪəɡˈnoʊsəs/ | n. | a doctor's judgement of what illness a person hasfamily: diagnose, diagnosed, diagnosing, diagnoses, diagnosticLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The doctor ordered a blood test before giving a final diagnosis. |
| intaken. ✓in·take/ˈɪnˌteɪk/ | n. | the amount of food, drink or air taken into the bodyfamily: intakesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Doctors advise reducing your daily intake of sugar and salt. |
| muscularadj. ✓mus·cu·lar/ˈmʌskjəlɚ/ | adj. | having a strong body with well-developed musclesfamily: muscle, muscles, muscularityLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Years of swimming made him lean and muscular. |
| psychiatricadj. ✓✓psy·chi·at·ric/ˌsaɪkiˈætɹɪk/ | adj. | relating to the medical treatment of mental illnessfamily: psychiatry, psychiatristLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The hospital opened a new psychiatric ward for young patients last month. |
| renaladj. ⚠re·nal/ˈɹinəl/ | adj. | relating to the kidneysLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | The clinic runs renal checks monthly. |
| serumn. ⚠se·rum/ˈsɪɹəm/ | n. | the clear liquid part of blood; a liquid skin productLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | The clinic tests the serum sample. |
| spinen. ✓/spaɪn/ | n. | the line of bones down the middle of the backfamily: spinalLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Sit tall and keep the spine straight. |
| surgicaladj. ✓sur·gi·cal/ˈsɝdʒɪkəl/ | adj. | connected with medical operationsfamily: surgery, surgeon, surgically, surgeriesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The nurse prepared the surgical instruments before the operation. |
feelings10 words
| Word | Part of speech | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| aggressionn. ✓ag·gres·sion/əˈɡɹɛʃən/ | n. | angry, unfriendly behaviour that may lead to fightingfamily: aggressive, aggressively, aggressorLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The coach told the players to control their aggression on the field. |
| cursen. ≠/kɝs/ | n. | words said to wish harm on someonefamily: cursedLevel evidence: References disagree — CEFR-J v1.5 places it at A2 | The story tells of an ancient curse. |
| distressn. ✓dis·tress/dɪˈstɹɛs/ | n. | great worry, sadness or painfamily: distressed, distressing, distressesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The lost child was in obvious distress until her mother arrived. |
| frustratingadj. ✓frus·trat·ing/ˈfɹʌˌstɹeɪtɪŋ/ | adj. | making you feel annoyed because you cannot succeedfamily: frustrate, frustrated, frustrationLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | It was frustrating to wait an hour for a bus that never came. |
| hostileadj. ✓✓hos·tile/ˈhɑstəl/ | adj. | unfriendly and showing strong dislike or oppositionfamily: hostility, hostilitiesLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The audience became hostile when the speaker ignored their questions. |
| rantv. ⚠/ɹænt/ | v. | to speak angrily at lengthLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | He ranted about the delay. |
| reassurev. ✓✓re·as·sure/ˌɹiəˈʃʊɹ/ | v. | to make someone feel less worried about somethingfamily: assure, assurance, reassurance, reassured, reassuringLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The doctor reassured us that the cough was not serious. |
| saneadj. ⚠/seɪn/ | adj. | having a healthy, reasonable mindfamily: sanityLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | It was the only sane choice. |
| sentimentn. ✓✓sen·ti·ment/ˈsɛntəmənt/ | n. | a feeling or opinion about somethingfamily: sentiments, sentimental, sentimentalityLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The survey shows growing sentiment against longer working hours. |
| troubledadj. ✓trou·bled/ˈtɹʌbəld/ | adj. | worried, unhappy, or having many problemsfamily: trouble, troubles, troubling, troublesomeLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The teacher spoke gently to the troubled student after class. |
tech9 words
| Word | Part of speech | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| activationn. ✓ac·ti·va·tion/ˌæktəˈveɪʃən/ | n. | the moment when something is switched on and starts to workfamily: activate, activated, activating, activeLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Activation of your new phone card takes about ten minutes. |
| detectionn. ✓de·tec·tion/dɪˈtɛkʃən/ | n. | the act of finding or noticing something that is hidden or hard to seefamily: detect, detected, detecting, detectable, detector, detectiveLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The new software allows early detection of errors in the system. |
| dynamicallyadv. ✓dy·nam·i·cal·ly/daɪˈnæmɪkli/ | adv. | in a way that changes or moves with a lot of energyfamily: dynamic, dynamicsLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The website updates its prices dynamically as demand changes. |
| interfacen. ✓in·ter·face/ˈɪntɚˌfeɪs/ | n. | the screen and controls a person uses to work with a computer programfamily: interfaces, interfaced, interfacingLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The app's new interface is simple enough for older users. |
| magneticadj. ✓✓mag·net·ic/mæɡˈnɛtɪk/ | adj. | able to pull iron or steel objects towards itselffamily: magnet, magnets, magnetism, magneticallyLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | Some rocks are naturally magnetic and can pull small nails towards them. |
| metaadj. ⚠me·ta/ˈmɛtə/ | adj. | about or referring to itselfLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | A word list about word lists is meta. |
| opticaladj. ✓op·ti·cal/ˈɑptɪkəl/ | adj. | connected with light, sight or the eyesfamily: optic, optics, optically, opticianLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The new optical cable carries internet data as pulses of light. |
| simulatev. ✓sim·u·late/ˈsɪmjəˌleɪt/ | v. | to copy the conditions of a real situation, often with a computerfamily: simulation, simulator, simulated, simulates, simulatingLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The program simulates how traffic moves through the city centre. |
| spamn. ✓/spæm/ | n. | unwanted advertising emailLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The reply went to the spam folder. |
money7 words
| Word | Part of speech | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| allocationn. ✓al·lo·ca·tion/ˌæləˈkeɪʃən/ | n. | an amount of money, time or space given for a particular purposefamily: allocate, allocated, allocating, allocationsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Each department received its budget allocation at the start of the year. |
| buckn. ✓/bʌk/ | n. | a dollar, in informal speechfamily: bucksLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The sandwich cost me five bucks at the airport. |
| chitn. ⚠/tʃɪt/ | n. | a short official note, especially one showing money owedLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | Sign the chit for the extra copies. |
| commerciallyadv. ✓com·mer·cial·ly/kəˈmɝʃəli/ | adv. | in a way connected with buying and selling for profitfamily: commerce, commercial, commercialiseLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The new app was commercially successful within its first year. |
| expendituren. ✓ex·pen·di·ture/ɪkˈspɛndətʃɚ/ | n. | the total amount of money that is spent on somethingfamily: expend, expense, expenses, expendituresLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The university reduced its expenditure on paper by moving forms online. |
| fundraisingn. ✓fund·rais·ing/ˈfʌnˌdɹeɪsɪŋ/ | n. | the activity of collecting money for a charity, school or causefamily: fundraise, fundraiser, fundraisers, fundLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The students organised a fundraising concert to help the local hospital. |
| toutv. ⚠/taʊt/ | v. | to praise or advertise something stronglyfamily: toutedLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | Posters tout the new night market. |
time7 words
| Word | Part of speech | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| aftermathn. ✓af·ter·math/ˈæftɚˌmæθ/ | n. | the situation that exists after a bad eventLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | In the aftermath of the flood, many roads were closed for weeks. |
| consecutiveadj. ✓con·sec·u·tive/kənˈsɛkjətɪv/ | adj. | coming one after another without a breakfamily: consecutivelyLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | It rained for five consecutive days during the holiday. |
| expirev. ✓✓ex·pire/ɪkˈspaɪɹ/ | v. | to come to the end of the period when it can be usedfamily: expiry, expiration, expired, expires, expiringLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | My passport expires next month, so I need a new one. |
| imminentadj. ✓im·mi·nent/ˈɪmənənt/ | adj. | going to happen very soonfamily: imminently, imminenceLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | With the deadline imminent, the team worked late every night. |
| interimadj. ✓in·ter·im/ˈɪntɚəm/ | adj. | lasting only until something permanent is arrangedLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | An interim manager will run the office until the new one arrives. |
| meantimen. ✓mean·time/ˈminˌtaɪm/ | n. | the period between now and a later eventLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The results arrive next week; in the meantime, keep practising. |
| presentlyadv. ✓pres·ent·ly/ˈpɹɛzəntli/ | adv. | at this time, in formal or written Englishfamily: presentLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The office is presently closed for repairs, so please email us. |
city6 words
| Word | Part of speech | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| landmarkn. ✓land·mark/ˈlændˌmɑɹk/ | n. | a famous building or place that helps people find their wayfamily: landmarksLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The clock tower is the best-known landmark in our town. |
| marketplacen. ✓mar·ket·place/ˈmɑɹkətˌpleɪs/ | n. | an open area in a town where people buy and sell goodsfamily: market, marketplacesLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Farmers sell fresh vegetables at the marketplace every Sunday morning. |
| municipaladj. ✓mu·nic·i·pal/mjuˈnɪsəpəl/ | adj. | belonging to a town or city and its local governmentfamily: municipality, municipallyLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The municipal library is open until eight every evening. |
| riotn. ✓ri·ot/ˈɹaɪət/ | n. | violent public disorder by a crowdLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The report described a riot. |
| suburbanadj. ✓✓sub·ur·ban/səbˈɝbən/ | adj. | relating to an area of houses just outside a city centrefamily: suburb, suburbs, urbanLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | They moved from a busy city flat to a quiet suburban house. |
| tarn. ⚠/tɑɹ/ | n. | a thick black substance used on roadsLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | The tar softened in the heat. |
travel6 words
| Word | Part of speech | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| bypassv. ✓by·pass/ˈbaɪˌpæs/ | v. | to avoid a place or a step by going around itfamily: bypassed, bypasses, bypassingLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The new road lets drivers bypass the busy town centre. |
| collisionn. ✓col·li·sion/kəˈlɪʒən/ | n. | an accident in which two moving things hit each other hardfamily: collide, collided, collisionsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The collision between the two buses blocked the road for hours. |
| descentn. ✓✓de·scent/dɪˈsɛnt/ | n. | a movement from a higher place to a lower onefamily: descend, descended, descending, descentsLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The plane began its descent into the airport as the sun set. |
| mainlandn. ✓main·land/ˈmeɪnˌlænd/ | n. | the main part of a country, not its islandsfamily: mainlands, mainlanderLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | A ferry links the island to the mainland twice a day. |
| oarn. ⚠/ɔɹ/ | n. | a pole with a flat end used to row a boatLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | He lost an oar in the current. |
| transitn. ✓✓tran·sit/ˈtɹænzɪt/ | n. | the movement of people or goods from one place to anotherLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The parcel was damaged while it was in transit. |
daily4 words
| Word | Part of speech | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| capen. ⚠/keɪp/ | n. | a loose piece of clothing over the shouldersLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | The statue wears a stone cape. |
| opusn. ⚠o·pus/ˈoʊpəs/ | n. | a piece of music by a composer, given a numberLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | The choir learned an early opus. |
| seamn. ⚠/sim/ | n. | the line where two pieces of cloth are joinedLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | The seam of the robe split. |
| teesn. ⚠/tiz/ | n. | small stands that hold a golf ballfamily: teeLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | He bought a pack of tees. |
food4 words
| Word | Part of speech | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| caterv. ✓ca·ter/ˈkeɪtɚ/ | v. | to provide food and drink for an eventfamily: catering, caterer, caterers, catered, catersLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | A local restaurant catered the lunch at the conference. |
| creamyadj. ✓cream·y/ˈkɹimi/ | adj. | smooth and thick, like fresh milkfamily: cream, creamier, creaminessLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The mushroom soup was thick, rich and creamy. |
| dinev. ⚠/daɪn/ | v. | to eat dinner, especially formallyfamily: dinner, diningLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | They dined at the hotel. |
| feedingn. ✓feed·ing/ˈfidɪŋ/ | n. | the act of giving food to a person or animalfamily: feed, fed, feeds, feedingsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The zoo keeper starts the morning feeding of the elephants at eight. |
home4 words
| Word | Part of speech | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| fixturen. ✓✓fix·ture/ˈfɪkstʃɚ/ | n. | a piece of equipment attached to a building and left there permanentlyfamily: fix, fixed, fixturesLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | The bathroom fixtures, including the sink and the lights, are all new. |
| residev. ✓re·side/ɹɪˈzaɪd/ | v. | to live in a particular placefamily: residence, resident, residential, resided, resides, residingLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Her family has resided in Chiang Mai for over twenty years. |
| rimn. ≠/ɹɪm/ | n. | the outer edge of something roundLevel evidence: References disagree — CEFR-J v1.5 places it at B2 | Wipe the rim of the cup. |
| suiten. ✓/swit/ | n. | a set of connected roomsLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | The hotel suite has two rooms. |
environment3 words
| Word | Part of speech | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| atmosphericadj. ✓at·mo·spher·ic/ˌætməˈsfɛɹɪk/ | adj. | relating to the air around the Earthfamily: atmosphere, atmospheres, atmosphericsLevel evidence: Level matches Octanove; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Scientists measured atmospheric pressure at the top of the mountain. |
| conservev. ✓✓con·serve/kənˈsɝv/ | v. | to protect something from harm or waste so it lastsfamily: conservation, conserved, conserves, conservingLevel evidence: Level agreed by Octanove and Oxford 3000/5000 | Turning off unused lights helps conserve energy at home. |
| disposev. ✓dis·pose/dɪˈspoʊz/ | v. | to get rid of something you no longer wantfamily: disposal, disposable, disposed, disposes, disposingLevel evidence: Level matches Oxford 3000/5000; no other checked reference covers this word and part of speech | Please dispose of old batteries at the collection point downstairs. |
weather1 words
| Word | Part of speech | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| aridadj. ⚠ar·id/ˈæɹəd/ | adj. | very dry, with little rainfamily: aridityLevel evidence: Drafted — none of the three checked references lists this word and part of speech yet | Arid land needs careful irrigation. |
Practice these words
Six scrambles taken from the list above. Each one opens in the unscrambler with the letters already entered, so you can try it in your head first and then check.
To practice a set you choose yourself, paste your own words into the scramble maker and print a sheet with an answer key. If you are a teacher, the worksheet library has ready-made sets with a classroom procedure attached.
Teachers: the activity pack generator builds a printable classroom activity from any level and topic, with an answer key.
Study notes for C1
At C1 the useful question is no longer what does this word mean but where does this word belong. Two words can share a definition and still be unusable in each other's place: one belongs in a report, the other in conversation. When you meet a word here, read the example sentence first and ask what kind of writing it came from.
A plain scramble is no longer the main tool at this level. Rearranging letters drills recognition of a written form, and by C1 you recognise written forms fluently. Use the scramble maker in its with definitions format, where the task is recalling which word carries a given sense, and use Practice My Words for the spacing.
C2 has 28 entries in the learner layer and is not published as a list. A page of that size presented as a level would misrepresent the level, so it is not offered.
Where to go next
There is no C2 list here. See the note above for why.
All six bands are explained on the levels page. The unscrambler shows the band on every learner entry, so any learner word you look up tells you roughly how hard it is. Teachers matching these bands to a national curriculum may want the Thai curriculum mapping.
Sources: Meanings are written for learners rather than adapted from any single dictionary, and checked against established learner dictionaries. CEFR levels are evidence-graded against the CEFR-J Wordlist v1.5 (© Tono Laboratory, TUFS), the Oxford 3000/5000 level bands and, for C1–C2, the Octanove Vocabulary Profile (CC BY-SA 4.0); each level carries one of five evidence marks (✓✓ ✓ ≠ ✓* ⚠). Pronunciations derive from the CMU Pronouncing Dictionary (Copyright © 1993–2015 Carnegie Mellon University), General American. Full methodology, exact counts and the change log: methodology & sources. Last checked: 10 September 2026.